A Look at the Visual Modeling of Plants Using L-Systems

The kind invitation to present a paper at the German Conference on Bioinformatics prompted me to look back at the history of plant modeling using L-systems, relate the results obtained by my research group to the growing array of other contributions, and present an updated guide to the literature in the field.

[1]  Jan Tai Tsung Kim.  Untersuchungen zur Evolution von morphologischer und taxonomischer Diversität und Komplexität anhand von Computermodellen , 1996 .

[2]  A. Lindenmayer.  Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development. II. Simple and branching filaments with two-sided inputs. , 1968, Journal of theoretical biology.

[3]  L. Sander,et al.  Diffusion-limited aggregation, a kinetic critical phenomenon , 1981 .

[4]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Animation of plant development , 1993, SIGGRAPH.

[5]  Pauline Hogeweg,et al.  CONCEPT ADVANTAGES OF DISCRETE EVENT FORMALISM , 1980 .

[6]  Keld Helsgaun,et al.  DISCO- a SIMULA-based language for continuous combined and discrete simulation , 1980 .

[7]  H. Jürgensen,et al.  Parameterized L Systems for Modelling: Potential and Limitations , 1992 .

[8]  Gabor T. Herman,et al.  The daughter of Celia, the French flag, and the firing squad , 1973 .

[9]  Keijo Ruohonen.  Developmental Systems with Interaction and Fragmentation , 1975, Inf. Control..

[10]  Radomír Mech,et al.  Visual models of plants interacting with their environment , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[11]  G. Rozenberg,et al.  Developmental Systems with Fragmentation , 1974 .

[12]  Christian Jacob.  MathEvolvica: simulierte Evolution von Entwicklungsprogrammen der Natur , 1995 .

[13]  P. Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Modeling the architecture of expanding Fraxinus pennsylvanica shoots using L-systems , 1994 .

[14]  John D. Corbit,et al.  Computer simulation of the morphology and development of several species of seaweed using lindenmayer systems , 1993, Comput. Graph..

[15]  Ana M. Tarquis,et al.  Faba bean canopy modelling with a parametric open L-system: a comparison with the Monsi and Saeki model , 1998 .

[16]  A. Lindenmayer,et al.  Developmental models of herbaceous plants , 1990 .

[17]  Manfred Nagl,et al.  Graph-Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science , 1986, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[18]  A. Lindenmayer,et al.  Models for the control of branch positions and flowering sequences of capitula in mycelis muralis (l , 1987 .

[19]  Grzegorz Rozenberg,et al.  The mathematical theory of L systems , 1980 .

[20]  B. Andrieu,et al.  A 3D Architectural and Process-based Model of Maize Development , 1998 .

[21]  Takashi Yokomori,et al.  Stochastic Characterizations of EOL Languages , 1980, Inf. Control..

[22]  Aristid Lindenmayer,et al.  Adding Continuous Components to L-Systems , 1974, L Systems.

[23]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Applications of L-systems to computer imagery , 1986, Graph-Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science.

[24]  Martti Penttonen,et al.  Bibliography of L Systems , 1977, Theor. Comput. Sci..

[25]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  An Annotated Bibliography of Plant Modeling and Growth Simulation , 1987, ALIFE.

[26]  I. R. Johnson,et al.  Plant and Crop Modelling: A Mathematical Approach to Plant and Crop Physiology , 1990 .

[27]  H. Meinhardt,et al.  A model for pattern formation on the shells of molluscs , 1987 .

[28]  Frederic Blaise.  Simulation du parallelisme dans la croissance des plantes et applications , 1991 .

[29]  Grzegorz Rozenberg.  T0L Systems and Languages , 1973, Inf. Control..

[30]  Narendra S. Goel,et al.  A High-Level Language for L-systems and Its Applications , 1992 .

[31]  F. Blaise,et al.  Modélisation et simulation de l'architecture des arbres : bilan et perspectives , 1995 .

[32]  R. Walde,et al.  L-system computer simulations of branching divergence in some dorsiventral members of the tribe Polysiphonieae (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) , 1992 .

[33]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Visualization of botanical structures and processes using parametric L-systems , 1990 .

[34]  D. Frijters.  Mechanisms of Developmental Integration of Aster novae-angliae L. and Hieracium murorum L. , 1978 .

[35]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Subapical Bracketed L-Systems , 1994, TAGT.

[36]  Jaap A. Kaandorp,et al.  Fractal modelling - growth and form in biology , 1994 .

[37]  D. Frijters.  Principles of Simulation of Inflorescence Development , 1978 .

[38]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Lindenmayer Systems, Fractals, and Plants , 1989, Lecture Notes in Biomathematics.

[39]  Aristid Lindenmayer,et al.  Models for multicellular development: Characterization, inference and complexity of L-systems , 1986, IMYCS.

[40]  Herbert Freeman,et al.  On the Encoding of Arbitrary Geometric Configurations , 1961, IRE Trans. Electron. Comput..

[41]  C. Jacob.  Evolving evolution programs: genetic programming and L-systems , 1996 .

[42]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  L-systems: from formalism to programming languages , 1992 .

[43]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Parametric l-systems and their application to the modelling and visualization of plants , 1992 .

[44]  Aristid Lindenmayer,et al.  Mathematical Models for Cellular Interactions in Development , 1968 .

[45]  P. Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Virtual plants: new perspectives for ecologists, pathologists and agricultural scientists , 1996 .

[46]  Radomír Mech,et al.  Visual Models of Plant Development , 1997, Handbook of Formal Languages.

[47]  Aristid Lindenmayer,et al.  A Model for the Growth and Flowering of Aster Novae-Angliae on the Basis of Table < 1, 0 > L-Systems , 1974, L Systems.

[48]  H. Meinhardt,et al.  Pattern formation by coupled oscillations: The pigmentation patterns on the shells of molluscs , 1987 .

[49]  Christian Jacob,et al.  Genetic L-System Programming , 1994, PPSN.

[50]  Christian Jacob,et al.  Genetic L-System Programming: Breeding and Evolving Artificial Flowers with Mathematica , 1995 .

[51]  A. Lindenmayer.  Developmental systems without cellular interactions, their languages and grammars. , 1971, Journal of theoretical biology.

[52]  Alvy Ray Smith,et al.  Plants, fractals, and formal languages , 1984, SIGGRAPH.

[53]  Christian Jacob,et al.  Evolution Programs Evolved , 1996, PPSN.

[54]  Winfried Kurth.  Some New Formalisms for Modelling the Interactions Between Plant Architecture, Competition and Carbo , 1996 .

[55]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Differential l-systems and their application to the simulation and visualisation of plant development , 1996 .

[56]  Paulien Hogeweg,et al.  A model study on biomorphological description , 1974, Pattern Recognit..

[57]  H. B. Lück,et al.  A comprehensive model for acrotonic, mesotonic and basitonic branchings in plants , 1990 .

[58]  Walter J. Savitch,et al.  Growth Functions of Stochastic Lindenmayer Systems , 1980, Inf. Control..

[59]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Visualization of Developmental Processes by Extrusion in Space-time , 1996, Graphics Interface.

[60]  James Hanan,et al.  Plantworks: A software system for realistic plant modelling , 1988 .

[61]  A. Lindenmayer,et al.  Discrete and continuous models for heterocyst differentiation in growing filaments of blue-green bacteria , 1987 .

[62]  Grzegorz Rozenberg,et al.  Developmental systems and languages , 1972, STOC.

[63]  D'arcy W. Thompson.  On growth and form i , 1943 .

[64]  Igor A. Borovikov.  L-systems with inheritance: an object-oriented extension of L-systems , 1995, SIGP.

[65]  Pauline Hogeweg,et al.  Simulating the growth of cellular forms , 1978 .

[66]  Jim Hanan,et al.  Virtual plants - integrating architectural and physiological models , 1997 .

[67]  Winfried Kurth,et al.  MORPHOLOGICAL MODELS OF PLANT GROWTH : POSSIBILITIES AND ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE , 1994 .

[68]  David E. Goldberg,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning , 1988 .

[69]  Grzegorz Rozenberg,et al.  When L was Young , 1986 .

[70]  R. Morelli,et al.  L-systems computer models generating distichous from spiral organisation in the Dasyaceae (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) , 1994 .

[71]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Graphical applications of L-systems , 1986 .

[72]  Christophe Godin,et al.  Measuring and analysing plants with the AMAPmod software , 1997 .

[73]  Daniel Thalmann,et al.  The animation of autonomous actors based on production rules , 1996, Proceedings Computer Animation '96.

[74]  Huw Jones,et al.  An L-systems approach to the modelling of fungal growth , 1995, Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds.

[75]  Christian Jacob,et al.  Principia Evolvica - simulierte Evolution mit Mathematica , 1997 .

[76]  J. Hanan,et al.  Module and metamer dynamics and virtual plants , 1994 .

[77]  Mark James,et al.  Synthetic topiary , 1994, SIGGRAPH.

[78]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants , 1990, The Virtual Laboratory.

[79]  R. Morelli,et al.  L-system representation of speciation in the red algal genus Dipterosiphonia(Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae) , 1991 .

[80]  P. Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Modelling compound leaves using implicit contours , 1992 .

[81]  Gabor T. Herman,et al.  CELIA - a cellular linear iterative array simulator , 1970 .

[82]  A. Lindenmayer.  Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development. I. Filaments with one-sided inputs. , 1968, Journal of theoretical biology.

[83]  J. Fisher,et al.  How Predictive are Computer Simulations of Tree Architecture? , 1992, International Journal of Plant Sciences.

[84]  A. Lindenmayer,et al.  Grammars of Development: Discrete-State Models for Growth, Differentiation, and Gene Expression in Modular Organisms , 1992 .

[85]  R. Dawkins.  Climbing Mount Improbable , 1996 .

[86]  Harold Abelson,et al.  Turtle geometry : the computer as a medium for exploring mathematics , 1983 .

[87]  T. Steeves,et al.  Patterns in plant development: Subject index , 1972 .

[88]  Y. Caraglio,et al.  Modélisation et simulation de l'architecture des arbres , 1991 .

[89]  Gabor T. Herman,et al.  Simulation of organisms using a developmental model part 1: Basic description , 1972 .