The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic quality cues of digital video games on sales: An empirical investigation

Abstract This study examines the effect of product quality cues on sales of digital video games, using signaling theory as a theoretical model. The quality cues are examined from two angles: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic cues, in this study, include company reputation, newness, and retro features and extrinsic cues include review valence, product popularity, price, and user engagement. Based on a publicly available panel data of 142,590 observations for 5415 digital video games, our empirical results suggest that both intrinsic and extrinsic quality cues affect sales of digital video games. Company reputation of a digital video game, however, does not have a significant effect on sales. Although an overall relationship between price and sales is positive, this is not the case for less popular digital video games. This study provides the implications for IS research and practice.

[1]  Jerry C. Olson,et al.  Cue Utilization in the Quality Perception Process , 1972 .

[2]  Dan Jong Kim,et al.  A study of mobile user engagement (MoEN): Engagement motivations, perceived value, satisfaction, and continued engagement intention , 2013, Decis. Support Syst..

[3]  Chung L. Huang,et al.  Conjoint Analysis of Consumer Preferences and Evaluations of a Processed Meat , 1995 .

[4]  Rosires Deliza,et al.  Labelling effects on consumer intention to purchase for soybean oil , 2005 .

[5]  Guido Lang,et al.  The role of external and internal signals in E-commerce , 2016, Decis. Support Syst..

[6]  B. J. Fogg,et al.  Six Patterns for Persuasion in Online Social Networks , 2008, PERSUASIVE.

[7]  S. Sénécal,et al.  The influence of online product recommendations on consumers' online choices , 2004 .

[8]  B. Gu,et al.  The impact of online user reviews on hotel room sales , 2009 .

[9]  Karen L. Xie,et al.  Effects of managerial response on consumer eWOM and hotel performance , 2016 .

[10]  William B. Dodds,et al.  Effects of Price, Brand, and Store Information on Buyers’ Product Evaluations , 1991 .

[11]  Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Consumer Trust in an Internet Store: A Cross-Cultural Validation , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[12]  Tushar Pandey,et al.  Identification of critical eWOM dimensions for music albums , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation & Technology.

[13]  P. Parker,et al.  Marketing universals: Consumers' use of brand name, price, physical appearance, and retailer , 1994 .

[14]  Gregory J. Brush,et al.  Investigating the service brand: A customer value perspective , 2009 .

[15]  Jaap E. Wieringa,et al.  What about design newness? Investigating the relevance of a neglected dimension of product innovativeness , 2009 .

[16]  Luís M. B. Cabral,et al.  Stretching Firm and Brand Reputation , 2000 .

[17]  Peter Lorange,et al.  From Great to Gone: Why FMCG Companies are Losing the Race for Customers , 2014 .

[18]  Baohong Sun,et al.  Internet Auction Features as Quality Signals. , 2009 .

[19]  D. Chadee,et al.  Culture, product type, and price influences on consumer purchase intention to buy personalized products online☆ , 2008 .

[20]  Bin Gu,et al.  The influence of online word-of-mouth on long tail formation , 2013, Decis. Support Syst..

[21]  K. R. Conner,et al.  Obtaining Strategic Advantage from Being Imitated: When Can Encouraging Clones Pay? , 1995 .

[22]  Steven Walczak,et al.  Dressing Your Online Auction Business for Success: An Experiment Comparing Two eBay Businesses , 2008, MIS Q..

[23]  Cheol Park,et al.  Information direction, website reputation and eWOM effect: A moderating role of product type , 2009 .

[24]  HsiuJu Rebecca Yen,et al.  Risk-reducing signals for new online retailers: a study of single and multiple signalling effects , 2006 .

[25]  Pradeep Chintagunta,et al.  The Effects of Online User Reviews on Movie Box Office Performance: Accounting for Sequential Rollout and Aggregation Across Local Markets , 2010, Mark. Sci..

[26]  Wujin Chu,et al.  The Role of On-line Retailer Brand and Infomediary Reputation in Increasing Consumer Purchase Intention , 2005, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[27]  Ryan J. Langan,et al.  The effect of review valence and variance on product evaluations: An examination of intrinsic and extrinsic cues , 2017 .

[28]  G. Laurent,et al.  Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles , 1985 .

[29]  Gopala Ganesh,et al.  Effects of partitioned country image in the context of brand image and familiarity , 1999 .

[30]  J. Jacoby,et al.  The Components of Perceived Risk , 1972 .

[31]  Xavier Drèze,et al.  Your loyalty program is betraying you. , 2006, Harvard business review.

[32]  John Gallaugher,et al.  Understanding Network Effects in Software Markets: Evidence from Web Server Pricing , 2002, MIS Q..

[33]  M. Styvén The Intangibility of Music in the Internet Age , 2007 .

[34]  Alan J. Dubinsky,et al.  A conceptual model of perceived customer value in e-commerce: A preliminary investigation , 2003 .

[35]  Rajiv Kohli,et al.  Contribution of institutional DSS to organizational performance: evidence from a longitudinal study , 2004, Decis. Support Syst..

[36]  Mark I. Hwang,et al.  The effect of user engagement on system success: A meta-analytical integration of research findings , 1999, Inf. Manag..

[37]  Sumeet Gupta,et al.  Investigating the intention to purchase digital items in social networking communities: A customer value perspective , 2011, Inf. Manag..

[38]  Donald P. Roy,et al.  The impact of congruence in cause marketing campaigns for service firms , 2010 .

[39]  Jui Ramaprasad,et al.  Research Note - Music Blogging, Online Sampling, and the Long Tail , 2012, Inf. Syst. Res..

[40]  C. Flavián,et al.  Intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes, loyalty and buying intention: an analysis for a PDO product , 2006 .

[41]  J. Bettman Perceived Risk and Its Components: A Model and Empirical Test , 1973 .

[42]  Shu-Chun Ho,et al.  The Investigation of Online Reviews of Mobile Games , 2011, WEB.

[43]  James J. Kellaris,et al.  An Exploratory Study of Price/Perceived-Quality Relationships Among Consumer Services , 1988 .

[44]  Jen-Hung Huang,et al.  Herding in online product choice , 2006 .

[45]  Geng Cui,et al.  Terms of Use , 2003 .

[46]  Venkatesh Shankar,et al.  Network Effects and Competition: An Empirical Analysis of the Home Video Game Industry , 2002 .

[47]  Narasimhan Srinivasan,et al.  An experimental study of two dimensions of country-of-origin (manufacturing country and branding country) using intrinsic and extrinsic cues , 2004 .

[48]  Ingoo Han,et al.  The Effect of On-Line Consumer Reviews on Consumer Purchasing Intention: The Moderating Role of Involvement , 2007, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[49]  Bo Sophia Xiao,et al.  Do actions speak louder than voices? The signaling role of social information cues in influencing consumer purchase decisions , 2014, Decis. Support Syst..

[50]  Tung Bui,et al.  Harnessing the Influence of Social Proof in Online Shopping: The Effect of Electronic Word of Mouth on Sales of Digital Microproducts , 2011, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[51]  Jinwoo Kim,et al.  Why People Continue to Play Online Games: In Search of Critical Design Factors to Increase Customer Loyalty to Online Contents , 2004, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[52]  Bin Guo,et al.  The order effect on online review helpfulness: A social influence perspective , 2017, Decis. Support Syst..

[53]  C. Bebko Service intangibility and its impact on consumer expectations of service quality , 2000 .

[54]  Ekaterina V. Karniouchina,et al.  Impact of Star and Movie Buzz on Motion Picture Distribution and Box Office Revenue , 2010 .

[55]  Jaakko Suominen The Past as the Future? Nostalgia and Retrogaming in Digital Culture , 2007 .

[56]  X. Zhang,et al.  Impact of Online Consumer Reviews on Sales: The Moderating Role of Product and Consumer Characteristics , 2010 .

[57]  Bo-chiuan Su,et al.  Consumer E-Tailer Choice Strategies at On-Line Shopping Comparison Sites , 2007, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[58]  V. Zeithaml Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence: , 1988 .

[59]  Benjamin B. M. Shao,et al.  The relationship between user participation and system success: a simultaneous contingency approach , 2000, Inf. Manag..

[60]  Eric K. Clemons,et al.  Do Online Reviews Reflect a Product's True Perceived Quality? - An Investigation of Online Movie Reviews Across Cultures , 2010, 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[61]  Victoria D. Bush,et al.  What We Know and Don't Know about Online Word-of-Mouth: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature , 2014 .

[62]  Sylvaine Castellano,et al.  Back to the future: adoption and diffusion of innovation in retro-industries , 2013 .

[63]  Judy E. Scott,et al.  The Role of Reputation Systems in Reducing On-Line Auction Fraud , 2006, Int. J. Electron. Commer..

[64]  Jae-Nam Lee,et al.  Understanding the product information inference process in electronic word-of-mouth: An objectivity-subjectivity dichotomy perspective , 2009, Inf. Manag..

[65]  Mounia Lalmas,et al.  Models of user engagement , 2012, UMAP.

[66]  I. Vermeulen,et al.  Tried and tested: The impact of online hotel reviews on consumer consideration , 2009 .

[67]  Miriam J. Metzger,et al.  User-Generated Ratings and the Evaluation of Credibility and Product Quality in Ecommerce Transactions , 2011, 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[68]  Maria B. Garda Nostalgia in Retro Game Design , 2013, DiGRA Conference.

[69]  Sijun Wang,et al.  Signaling the trustworthiness of small online retailers , 2004 .

[70]  Joon Koh,et al.  A Comparison of Online Trust Building Factors between Potential Customers and Repeat Customers , 2004, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[71]  L. B. Acebrón,et al.  The importance of intrinsic and extrinsic cues to expected and experienced quality: an empirical application for beef , 2000 .

[72]  Chek Tien Tan,et al.  Retrogaming as visual feedback for speech therapy , 2014, SIGGRAPH ASIA Mobile Graphics and Interactive Applications.

[73]  Nan Hu,et al.  Ratings lead you to the product, reviews help you clinch it? The mediating role of online review sentiments on product sales , 2014, Decis. Support Syst..

[74]  Stephen Brown,et al.  Retro-Marketing: Yesterday’s Tomorrows, Today! , 1999 .

[75]  Bin Gu,et al.  Research Note - The Impact of External Word-of-Mouth Sources on Retailer Sales of High-Involvement Products , 2012, Inf. Syst. Res..

[76]  Xavier Vives,et al.  Why market shares matter: an information-based theory , 1996 .

[77]  David S. Heineman Public Memory and Gamer Identity: Retrogaming as Nostalgia , 2014 .

[78]  Joseph S. Valacich,et al.  What Signals Are You Sending? How Website Quality Influences Perceptions of Product Quality and Purchase Intentions , 2011, MIS Q..

[79]  Yong Liu Word-of-Mouth for Movies: Its Dynamics and Impact on Box Office Revenue , 2006 .

[80]  Tobias Kretschmer,et al.  The Effects of Rewarding User Engagement – The Case of Facebook Apps , 2012, Inf. Syst. Res..

[81]  Stephen J. Carson,et al.  The Effects of Positive and Negative Online Customer Reviews: Do Brand Strength and Category Maturity Matter? , 2013 .

[82]  Prashant Palvia,et al.  Factors affecting the success of Open Source Software , 2012, J. Syst. Softw..

[83]  David Zilberman,et al.  Demonstrations and money-back guarantees: market mechanisms to reduce uncertainty , 2001 .

[84]  Natalia Vila,et al.  Consumer perceptions of product packaging , 2006 .

[85]  S. Tan Strategies for reducing consumers’ risk aversion in Internet shopping , 1999 .

[86]  A. Jain,et al.  Extrinsic and Intrinsic Cue Effects on Perceptions of Store Brand Quality , 1994 .

[87]  Gunwoong Lee,et al.  Determinants of Mobile Apps' Success: Evidence from the App Store Market , 2014, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[88]  Abhijit Biswas,et al.  The diagnostic role of signals in the context of perceived risks in online shopping: Do signals matter more on the Web? , 2004 .

[89]  G. Tellis,et al.  Best Value, Price-Seeking, and Price Aversion: The Impact of Information and Learning on Consumer Choices: , 1990 .

[90]  Kai Lung Hui,et al.  EMPIRICAL ADVANCES FOR THE STUDY OF WEBLOGS: RELEVANCE AND TESTING OF RANDOM EFFECTS MODELS , 2007 .

[91]  Matthew J. Salganik,et al.  Experimental Study of Inequality and Unpredictability in an Artificial Cultural Market , 2006, Science.

[92]  Ching-Chin Chern,et al.  'Migrating to a new virtual world': Exploring MMORPG switching through human migration theory , 2011, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[93]  Tung X. Bui,et al.  Freeware Downloads: An Empirical Investigation Into the Impact of Expert and User Reviews On Demand for Digital Goods , 2007, AMCIS.

[94]  Michael K. Brady,et al.  The importance of brand cues in intangible service industries: an application to investment services , 2005 .

[95]  C H Yeung,et al.  Dynamics of movie competition and popularity spreading in recommender systems. , 2011, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[96]  Paul Herbig,et al.  The relationship of reputation and credibility to brand success , 1993 .

[97]  Bin Gu,et al.  Informational Cascades and Software Adoption on the Internet: An Empirical Investigation , 2008, MIS Q..

[98]  Jim Blythe,et al.  Innovativeness and newness in high‐tech consumer durables , 1999 .

[99]  Hoon Seok Choi,et al.  Effects of Freemium Strategy in the Mobile App Market: An Empirical Study of Google Play , 2014, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[100]  Chris F. Kemerer,et al.  Recent Applications of Economic Theory in Information Technology Research Recent Applications of Economic Theory in Information Technology Research , 2022 .

[101]  Kyoung-Nan Kwon,et al.  The Effectiveness of Two Online Persuasion Claims: Limited Product Availability and Product Popularity , 2012 .

[102]  Yi-Fen Chen,et al.  Herd behavior in purchasing books online , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[103]  Soyoung Kim,et al.  Attitude Toward Online Shopping and Retail Website Quality , 2004 .

[104]  Gregory A. Baker,et al.  Consumer preferences for food safety attributes: A market segment approach , 1994 .

[105]  Henri Lindgren,et al.  Factors contributing to the buying decision of pc and video games : and their weight in the buying decision process , 2010 .

[106]  Dimple R. Thadani,et al.  The impact of electronic word-of-mouth communication: A literature analysis and integrative model , 2012, Decis. Support Syst..

[107]  Erik Brynjolfsson,et al.  Goodbye Pareto Principle, Hello Long Tail: The Effect of Search Costs on the Concentration of Product Sales , 2011, Manag. Sci..

[108]  A. Rao,et al.  No Pain, No Gain: A Critical Review of the Literature on Signaling Unobservable Product Quality , 2000 .

[109]  Jerry C. Olson,et al.  Inferential Belief Formation in the Cue Utilization Process , 1978 .

[110]  Monroe E. Price The Newness of New Technology , 2001 .