Parasitic loads in torque standard machines: a characterisation, comparison, and evaluation

1 Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany 2 Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy (VTT), Centre for Metrology MIKES Force Metrology, Tehdaskatu 15, Puristamo 9P19, FI 87100 Kajaani, Finland 3 Cesky Metrologicky Institut Brno (CMI), Department of force and torque, V Botanice 1504/4, 150 72 Praha, Czech Republic 4 RWTH Aachen, Chair for Wind Power Drives, Campus-Boulevard 61, 52074 Aachen, Germany