Application of Simulation Methods in Cervical Spine Dynamics

Neck injury is one of the most frequent spine injuries due to the complex structure of the cervical spine. The high incidence of neck injuries in collision accidents can bring a heavy economic burden to the society. Therefore, knowing the potential mechanisms of cervical spine injury and dysfunction is significant for improving its prevention and treatment. The research on cervical spine dynamics mainly concerns the fields of automobile safety, aeronautics, and astronautics. Numerical simulation methods are beneficial to better understand the stresses and strains developed in soft tissues with investigators and have been roundly used in cervical biomechanics. In this article, the simulation methods for the development and application of cervical spine dynamic problems in the recent years have been reviewed. The study focused mainly on multibody and finite element models. The structure, material properties, and application fields, especially the whiplash injury, were analyzed in detail. It has been shown that simulation methods have made remarkable progress in the research of cervical dynamic injury mechanisms, and some suggestions on the research of cervical dynamics in the future have been proposed.

[1]  J. Hess,et al.  Theoretical investigations of dynamic response of man to high vertical accelerations. , 1958, The Journal of aviation medicine.

[2]  J. F. Soechting,et al.  A model for the human spine during impact including musculature influence. , 1973, Journal of biomechanics.

[3]  Albert I. King,et al.  An Experimentally Validated Dynamic Model of the Spine , 1974 .

[4]  T. Belytschko,et al.  A three-dimensional model of the human cervical spine for impact simulation. , 1983, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[5]  T Merrill,et al.  Three-dimensional response of a lumped parameter head-neck model due to impact and impulsive loading. , 1984, Journal of biomechanics.

[6]  G. Nusholtz,et al.  Cervical spine biomechanics: A review of the literature , 1986, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[7]  W Goldsmith,et al.  Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading--II. Analytical/numerical model. , 1987, Journal of biomechanics.

[8]  C. Galasko,et al.  Neck sprains after road traffic accidents: a modern epidemic. , 1993, Injury.

[9]  Michael Kleinberger,et al.  Application of Finite Element Techniques to the Study of Cervical Spine Mechanics , 1993 .

[10]  de Mkj Marko Jager,et al.  Mathematical modelling of the human cervical spine : a survey of the literature , 1993 .

[11]  Claes Tingvall,et al.  Validation of the new injury impairment scale (IIS) , 1994 .

[12]  Mats Y. Svensson,et al.  Analysis of different head and neck responses in rear-end car collisions using a new humanlike mathematical model , 1994 .

[13]  Claude Tarriere,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE NECK , 1994 .

[14]  R. B. Ashman,et al.  Relations of mechanical properties to density and CT numbers in human bone. , 1995, Medical engineering & physics.

[15]  N. Yoganandan,et al.  Finite element applications in human cervical spine modeling. , 1996, Spine.

[16]  de Mkj Marko Jager,et al.  A Global and a Detailed Mathematical Model for Head-Neck Dynamics , 1996 .

[17]  R. B. Ashman,et al.  Anatomical variation of human cancellous bone mechanical properties in vitro. , 1997, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[18]  van den Aj Kroonenberg,et al.  A HUMAN MODEL FOR LOW-SEVERITY REAR-IMPACTS , 1997 .

[19]  Roger W. Nightingale,et al.  Experimental Flexibility Measurements for the Development of a Computational Head-Neck Model Validated for Near-Vertex Head Impact , 1997 .

[20]  Johan Davidsson,et al.  Human Volunteer Kinematics in Rear-End Sled Collisions , 2001 .

[21]  M. Panjabi.  Cervical Spine Models for Biomechanical Research , 1998, Spine.

[22]  Feng Luan,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE HUMAN NECK , 1998 .

[23]  M Viceconti,et al.  Material properties assignment to finite element models of bone structures: a new method. , 1999, Medical engineering & physics.

[24]  M Lengsfeld,et al.  Comparison of geometry-based and CT voxel-based finite element modelling and experimental validation. , 1998, Medical engineering & physics.

[25]  Yi Liu,et al.  MODELING OF THE HUMAN CERVICAL SPINE USING FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES , 1999 .

[26]  Vertebral stress of a cervical spine model under dynamic load. , 2000, Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine.

[27]  A Linder,et al.  A new mathematical neck model for a low-velocity rear-end impact dummy: evaluation of components influencing head kinematics. , 2000, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[28]  L Jakobsson,et al.  Investigation of Conditions that Affect Neck Compression- Flexion Injuries Using Numerical Techniques. , 2000, Stapp car crash journal.

[29]  Koshiro Ono,et al.  A SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF HUMAN CERVICAL SPINE MOTION DURING LOW SPEED REAR-END IMPACTS , 2000 .

[30]  Mats Y. Svensson,et al.  BIORID: A CRASH TEST DUMMY FOR REAR IMPACT: A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION AND EVALUATION , 2000 .

[31]  Vijay K. Goel,et al.  Impact Response of the Intervertebral Disc in a Finite-Element Model , 2000, Spine.

[32]  Junji Hasegawa,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE TOTAL HUMAN MODEL FOR SAFETY (THUMS) AND APPLICATION TO CAR-PEDESTRIAN IMPACTS , 2001 .

[33]  V. Der,et al.  Human head neck response in frontal, lateral and rear end impact loading : modelling and validation , 2002 .

[34]  Hiroaki Yoshida,et al.  Finite Element Analysis Using Muscles Elements and Experimental Analysis with a New Flexible Neck Model of Whiplash Injuries in Rear-End Collisions , 2002 .

[35]  M J Fagan,et al.  Finite element analysis in spine research , 2002, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[36]  T. Keaveny,et al.  Quantitative computed tomography estimates of the mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone , 2002, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[37]  Vijay K Goel,et al.  Ability of the Finite Element Models to Predict Response of the Human Spine to Sinusoidal Vertical Vibration , 2003, Spine.

[38]  Anders Kullgren,et al.  The Risk of Whiplash Injury in the Rear Seat Compared to the Front Seat in Rear Impacts , 2003, Traffic injury prevention.

[39]  Jorge Ambrósio,et al.  Optimal Comfort Response of Road Vehicles Using Flexible Multibody Dynamics , 2003 .

[40]  F Walz,et al.  Pressure aberrations inside the spinal canal during rear-end impact. , 2003, Pain research & management.

[41]  L. Vita,et al.  David — A Multybody Virtual Dummy for Vibrational Comfort Analysis of Car Occupants , 2003 .

[42]  Joseph L Annest,et al.  Neck strains and sprains among motor vehicle occupants-United States, 2000. , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[43]  L Thollon,et al.  Using a Finite Element Model to Evaluate Human Injuries Application to the HUMOS Model in Whiplash Situation , 2004, Spine.

[44]  Ee-Chon Teo,et al.  EFFECT OF MUSCLES ACTIVATION ON HEAD-NECK COMPLEX UNDER SIMULATED EJECTION , 2004 .

[45]  K. Brolin,et al.  Development of a Finite Element Model of the Upper Cervical Spine and a Parameter Study of Ligament Characteristics , 2004, Spine.

[46]  Hyung Yun Choi,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT HUMAN NECK MODEL FOR VEHICLE SAFETY SIMULATION , 2004 .

[47]  R Willinger,et al.  Human Neck Finite Element Model Development and Validation against Original Experimental Data. , 2004, Stapp car crash journal.

[48]  Ettore Pennestrì,et al.  Comfort analysis of car occupants : comparison between multibody and finite element models , 2005 .

[49]  Volkan Esat,et al.  A multi-body human spine model for dynamic analysis in conjunction with the FE analysis of spinal parts , 2005 .

[50]  E. Teo,et al.  FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF HEAD-NECK RESPONSES DURING WHIPLASH , 2005 .

[51]  Qing Hang Zhang,et al.  Development and Validation of A C0–C7 FE Complex for Biomechanical Study , 2005 .

[52]  Xu Wei,et al.  Development and Validation of a Head-Neck Finite Element Model for the Study of Neck Dynamic Responses in Car Impacts , 2005 .

[53]  N. Yoganandan,et al.  Effects of abnormal posture on capsular ligament elongations in a computational model subjected to whiplash loading. , 2005, Journal of biomechanics.

[54]  K. Brolin,et al.  The Effect of Muscle Activation on Neck Response , 2005, Traffic injury prevention.

[55]  F. A. Pintar,et al.  Validation of a head-neck computer model for whiplash simulation , 2004, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[56]  N. Yoganandan,et al.  Effect of head restraint backset on head-neck kinematics in whiplash. , 2006, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[57]  Qing Hang Zhang,et al.  Finite element analysis of moment-rotation relationships for human cervical spine. , 2006, Journal of biomechanics.

[58]  Jacques M. Huyghe,et al.  Osmoviscoelastic finite element model of the intervertebral disc , 2006, European Spine Journal.

[59]  Narayan Yoganandan,et al.  Anterior longitudinal ligament injuries in whiplash may lead to cervical instability. , 2006, Medical engineering & physics.

[60]  Matthew B. Panzer,et al.  Numerical Modelling of the Human Cervical Spine in Frontal Impact , 2006 .

[61]  Memis Acar,et al.  A multi-body head-and-neck model for simulation of rear impact in cars , 2007 .

[62]  D W van Lopik,et al.  Development of a multi-body computational model of human head and neck , 2007 .

[63]  Volkan Esat,et al.  A Multi-Body Model of the Whole Human Spine for Whiplash Investigations , 2007 .

[64]  T. Yasuki,et al.  Research Study on Neck Injury Lessening with Active Head Restraint Using Human Body FE Model , 2008, Traffic injury prevention.

[65]  Qing Hang Zhang,et al.  Finite element application in implant research for treatment of lumbar degenerative disc disease. , 2008, Medical engineering & physics.

[66]  A Shirazi-Adl,et al.  Seated whole body vibrations with high-magnitude accelerations--relative roles of inertia and muscle forces. , 2008, Journal of biomechanics.

[67]  Qing Hang Zhang,et al.  A numerical study of the effect of axial acceleration on the responses of the cervical spine during low-speed rear-end impact , 2008, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[68]  Glenn R. Paskoff,et al.  Ejection injury to the spine in small aviators: sled tests of manikins vs. post mortem specimens. , 2009, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[69]  Memis Acar,et al.  A multi-body human model for rear-impact simulation , 2009 .

[70]  M Acar,et al.  Viscoelastic finite element analysis of the cervical intervertebral discs in conjunction with a multi-body dynamic model of the human head and neck , 2009, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine.

[71]  Peter Halldin,et al.  Neck Muscle Load Distribution in Lateral, Frontal, and Rear-End Impacts: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis , 2009, Spine.

[72]  M J Pearcy,et al.  A new approach for assigning bone material properties from CT images into finite element models. , 2010, Journal of biomechanics.

[73]  Keita Ito,et al.  A biochemical/biophysical 3D FE intervertebral disc model , 2010, Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology.

[74]  M. Panzer,et al.  Cervical Spine Model to Predict Capsular Ligament Response in Rear Impact , 2011, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[75]  Mary L Bouxsein,et al.  Mechanical Contributions of the Cortical and Trabecular Compartments Contribute to Differences in Age-Related Changes in Vertebral Body Strength in Men and Women Assessed by QCT-Based Finite Element Analysis , 2011, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[76]  M. Panzer,et al.  Cervical spine response in frontal crash. , 2011, Medical engineering & physics.

[77]  Naveen Chandrashekar,et al.  Strain rate dependent properties of younger human cervical spine ligaments. , 2012, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[78]  J. Moulton,et al.  Upper cervical spine kinematic response and injury prediction , 2012 .

[79]  L. Frostholm,et al.  Are there gender differences in coping with neck pain following acute whiplash trauma? A 12‐month follow‐up study , 2012, European journal of pain.

[80]  F Scott Gayzik,et al.  Head and neck response of a finite element anthropomorphic test device and human body model during a simulated rotary-wing aircraft impact. , 2014, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[81]  M. El-Rich,et al.  Investigation of impact loading rate effects on the ligamentous cervical spinal load-partitioning using finite element model of functional spinal unit C2-C3. , 2014, Journal of biomechanics.

[82]  Yubo Fan,et al.  Biomechanical investigation of thoracolumbar spine in different postures during ejection using a combined finite element and multi‐body approach , 2014, International journal for numerical methods in biomedical engineering.

[83]  Duane S Cronin,et al.  Finite element modeling of potential cervical spine pain sources in neutral position low speed rear impact. , 2014, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[84]  Mats Y. Svensson,et al.  Characteristics of Dynamic Cervical Vertebral Kinematics for Female and Male Volunteers in Low-speed Rear Impact, based on Quasi-static Neck Kinematics , 2015 .

[85]  Ettore Pennestrì,et al.  An improved three-dimensional multibody model of the human spine for vibrational investigations , 2016 .

[86]  F. V. D. Helm,et al.  Analysis of isometric cervical strength with a nonlinear musculoskeletal model with 48 degrees of freedom , 2016 .

[87]  Y..  A Dummy for Rear-End Collisions-Development and validation of a new dummy-neck . , 2016 .

[88]  Bernd Markert,et al.  Effects of active muscle contraction on whiplash injury , 2016 .

[89]  K. Brolin,et al.  A Female Ligamentous Cervical Spine Finite Element Model Validated for Physiological Loads. , 2016, Journal of biomechanical engineering.

[90]  Samer Adeeb,et al.  Injury mechanisms of the ligamentous cervical C2-C3 Functional Spinal Unit to complex loading modes: Finite Element study. , 2016, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[91]  Grant Trewartha,et al.  Cervical Spine Injuries: A Whole-Body Musculoskeletal Model for the Analysis of Spinal Loading , 2017, PloS one.

[92]  Jonas A. Pramudita,et al.  Effect of cervical spine alignment on neck injury risk during rear-end impact – numerical study using neck finite element model , 2017 .

[93]  K. Brolin,et al.  A female head-neck model for rear impact simulations. , 2017, Journal of biomechanics.

[94]  Kuan Wang,et al.  A finite element study of traditional Chinese cervical manipulation , 2017, European Spine Journal.

[95]  Andrew S Merryweather,et al.  The inclusion of hyoid muscles improve moment generating capacity and dynamic simulations in musculoskeletal models of the head and neck , 2018, PloS one.

[96]  Shaker A. Meguid,et al.  Effect of seat belt and head restraint on occupant’s response during rear-end collision , 2018 .

[97]  Yoon Hyuk Kim,et al.  Recent advances in finite element modeling of the human cervical spine , 2018 .

[98]  Lin Hu,et al.  Investigation of the Effect of Neck Muscle Active Force on Whiplash Injury of the Cervical Spine , 2018, Applied bionics and biomechanics.

[99]  Wang Xingwei,et al.  Simulation and Analysis of Human Neck Load and Injury During Sustaining Overload in Flight , 2018 .

[100]  Cheng-fei Du,et al.  The Biomechanical Response of Cervical Spine under Different Follower Loads , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA).

[101]  Cheng-fei Du,et al.  Biomechanical Comparison of Lateral Interbody Fusion with and without Fixation , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA).

[102]  Cheng-fei Du,et al.  A Finite Element Analysis of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Compared with Percutaneous Full-endoscopic Anterior Cervical Discectomy , 2019, 2019 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA).

[103]  Shuang-fu Suo,et al.  Research on head-neck injuries of pilots during emergency ejection from the aircraft , 2019, Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

[104]  Cheng-fei Du,et al.  Comparison of the Biomechanical Changes After Percutaneous Full-Endoscopic Anterior Cervical Discectomy versus Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy at C5-C6: A Finite Element-Based Study. , 2019, World neurosurgery.

[105]  Chunqiu Zhang,et al.  Using finite element analysis to determine effects of the motion loading method on facet joint forces after cervical disc degeneration , 2019, Comput. Biol. Medicine.