Hold that pose: capturing cervical dystonia's head deviation severity from video

Deviated head posture is a defining characteristic of cervical dystonia (CD). Head posture severity is typically quantified with clinical rating scales such as the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS). Because clinical rating scales are inherently subjective, they are susceptible to variability that reduces their sensitivity as outcome measures. The variability could be circumvented with methods to measure CD head posture objectively. However, previously used objective methods require specialized equipment and have been limited to studies with a small number of cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel software system—the Computational Motor Objective Rater (CMOR)—to quantify multi‐axis directionality and severity of head posture in CD using only conventional video camera recordings.

[1]  J. Ahlskog Movement Disorders: A Comprehensive Survey , 1989 .

[2]  S Micera,et al.  A protocol for the assessment of 3D movements of the head in persons with cervical dystonia. , 2004, Clinical biomechanics.

[3]  The French Cidp study group A prevalence study of primary dystonia in eight European countries , 2000 .

[4]  Interhemispheric difference of pallidal local field potential activity in cervical dystonia , 2013, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[5]  Luc Van Gool,et al.  Real Time Head Pose Estimation from Consumer Depth Cameras , 2011, DAGM-Symposium.

[6]  Joel A. Hesch,et al.  A Direct Least-Squares (DLS) method for PnP , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision.

[7]  R. Lye,et al.  Computer graphics in the assessment of severity of spasmodic torticollis: potential role in the evaluation of surgical treatment. , 1987, Surgical neurology.

[8]  Y. Shimo,et al.  Pilot feasibility study of a semi-automated three-dimensional scoring system for cervical dystonia , 2019, PloS one.

[9]  Peter Robinson,et al.  3D Constrained Local Model for rigid and non-rigid facial tracking , 2012, 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[10]  T. Baxter,et al.  Quantitative measurement of cervical range of motion in patients with torticollis treated with botulinum A toxin , 1993, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[11]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Head tremor in cervical dystonia: Quantifying severity with computer vision , 2022, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[12]  Louis-Philippe Morency,et al.  OpenFace 2.0: Facial Behavior Analysis Toolkit , 2018, 2018 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2018).

[13]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Clinimetric testing of the comprehensive cervical dystonia rating scale , 2016, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[14]  J. Vilensky,et al.  Early cinematographic studies of generalized dystonia , 2006, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[15]  Babak Taati,et al.  Vision-based assessment of parkinsonism and levodopa-induced dyskinesia with pose estimation , 2017, Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

[16]  John Darby,et al.  An evaluation of 3D head pose estimation using the Microsoft Kinect v2. , 2016, Gait & posture.

[17]  M. Hallett,et al.  Defining research priorities in dystonia , 2020, Neurology.

[18]  T. Warner The Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group A prevalence study of primary dystonia in eight European countries , 2000 .

[19]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Head tremor and pain in cervical dystonia , 2021, Journal of Neurology.

[20]  GABAA Receptor Availability Changes Underlie Symptoms in Isolated Cervical Dystonia , 2018, Front. Neurol..

[21]  K. Bhatia,et al.  Descending control of muscles in patients with cervical dystonia , 2002, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[22]  Max A. Little,et al.  Technology in Parkinson's disease: Challenges and opportunities , 2016, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[23]  Wenbin Guo,et al.  Alterations of Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity and Degree Centrality in Cervical Dystonia: A Resting-State fMRI Study , 2019, Neural plasticity.

[24]  L. Seeberger,et al.  Cervical dystonia severity scale reliability study , 2001, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[25]  H. Reichmann,et al.  Validation of a self‐completed Dystonia Non‐Motor Symptoms Questionnaire , 2019, Annals of clinical and translational neurology.

[26]  W. Yeo,et al.  Soft Material‐Enabled, Active Wireless, Thin‐Film Bioelectronics for Quantitative Diagnostics of Cervical Dystonia , 2019, Advanced materials technologies.

[27]  Jehee Lee,et al.  Objective Evaluation of Cervical Dystonia Using an Inertial Sensor-Based System , 2019 .

[28]  Louis-Philippe Morency,et al.  Convolutional Experts Constrained Local Model for Facial Landmark Detection , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW).

[29]  G. Gescheider Psychophysics: The Fundamentals , 1997 .

[30]  Secured web-based video repository for multicenter studies. , 2015, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[31]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Correlation in restricted ranges of data , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[32]  William W. McDonald,et al.  Development of the Comprehensive Cervical Dystonia Rating Scale: Methodology , 2015, Movement disorders clinical practice.

[33]  M. Hallett,et al.  The Dystonia Coalition: A Multicenter Network for Clinical and Translational Studies , 2021, Frontiers in Neurology.

[34]  Wolfgang H. Jost,et al.  Rating scales for cervical dystonia: a critical evaluation of tools for outcome assessment of botulinum toxin therapy , 2012, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[35]  S. Papapetropoulos,et al.  Digital Health Revolution: Is it Time for Affordable Remote Monitoring for Parkinson’s Disease? , 2015, Front. Neurol..

[36]  J. Jankovic,et al.  Postural Directionality and Head Tremor in Cervical Dystonia , 2020, Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements.

[37]  R. Socher,et al.  Deep learning-enabled medical computer vision , 2021, npj Digital Medicine.

[38]  A. Engel,et al.  Asymmetric pallidal neuronal activity in patients with cervical dystonia , 2014, Front. Syst. Neurosci..

[39]  M. Bulgheroni,et al.  The position of the head in space: a kinematic analysis in patients with cervical dystonia treated with botulinum toxin. , 2001, Functional neurology.

[40]  Silvestro Micera,et al.  Automated assessment of cervical dystonia , 2003, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[41]  Nikos Makris,et al.  Evidence for Altered Basal Ganglia-Brainstem Connections in Cervical Dystonia , 2012, PloS one.

[42]  Yuan Li,et al.  Application of real-time shear wave elastography in the assessment of torsional cervical dystonia. , 2019, Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery.

[43]  N. Accornero,et al.  Fast voluntary neck movements in patients with cervical dystonia: A kinematic study before and after therapy with botulinum toxin type A , 2008, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[44]  Nasser Kehtarnavaz,et al.  Real-Time Head Pose Estimation on Mobile Platforms , 2009 .

[45]  D. Dressler,et al.  Dysphagia in cervical dystonia patients receiving optimised botulinum toxin therapy: a single-center retrospective cohort study , 2020, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[46]  M. Jog,et al.  Personalized botulinum toxin type A therapy for cervical dystonia based on kinematic guidance , 2018, Journal of Neurology.

[47]  A. Rajadhyaksha Archive , 2008, BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies.

[48]  P. Hluštík,et al.  The Prevalence of Dystonic Tremor and Tremor Associated with Dystonia in Patients with Cervical Dystonia , 2018, Scientific Reports.

[49]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  Objective, computerized video-based rating of blepharospasm severity , 2016, Neurology.

[50]  E. Herz,et al.  DYSTONIA: I. HISTORICAL REVIEW; ANALYSIS OF DYSTONIC SYMPTOMS AND PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED , 1944 .