Effects of non-flat interfaces in human skin tissues on the in-vivo Tera-Hertz communication channel

Abstract The influence of the interface type between the epidermis and dermis layers within the human skin tissue is investigated in this paper by introducing two models with different interfaces ( i.e. , 3-D sine and 3-D sinc function). By comparing the power loss of both models, it is evident that the common flat model is sufficient in case of electromagnetic communication links studies within the human tissue without the need of complicated detailed models. There is no significant difference between the power loss results of the flat model to the mean value of the power loss of the stratified model with sinc interface while the difference between the flat one from the stratified model with sine interface is less than 5 dB. However, the influence of the roughness can be presented by the deviation. From the numerical analysis, it is shown that for sine model it reaches almost 10 dB at a distance of 600 μ m , when the span changes. Meanwhile, the impact of the antenna location is demonstrated by placing the antennas (dipoles) in two different locations, which shows limited effects (the difference is less than 3 dB). Finally, the impact of the sweat duct is studied, showing its close relationship with the state of the sweat duct that the sweat-filled sweat duct working as PEC would reduce the power loss by almost 5 dB compared with the normal sweat duct without sweat.

[1]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm , 2008, Comput. Networks.

[2]  Eylem Ekici,et al.  A nanoradio architecture for interacting nanonetworking tasks , 2010, Nano Commun. Networks.

[3]  Giuseppe Piro,et al.  Terahertz Communications in Human Tissues at the Nanoscale for Healthcare Applications , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[4]  Y. Hao,et al.  Numerical Analysis and Characterization of THz Propagation Channel for Body-Centric Nano-Communications , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology.

[5]  Franck Marzani,et al.  Melanin type and concentration determination using inverse model , 2011, 2011 National Postgraduate Conference.

[6]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Graphene-based plasmonic nano-transceiver for terahertz band communication , 2014, The 8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2014).

[7]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for Electromagnetic Wireless Nanonetworks in the Terahertz Band , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[8]  A Knüttel,et al.  New method for evaluation of in vivo scattering and refractive index properties obtained with optical coherence tomography. , 2004, Journal of biomedical optics.

[9]  Josep Miquel Jornet,et al.  Low-weight error-prevention codes for electromagnetic nanonetworks in the Terahertz Band , 2014, Nano Commun. Networks.

[10]  Yang Hao,et al.  Numerical Characterization and Modeling of Subject-Specific Ultrawideband Body-Centric Radio Channels and Systems for Healthcare Applications , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[11]  Dustin G. Mixon,et al.  Electromagnetic properties of tissue in the optical region , 2007, SPIE BiOS.

[12]  Ling Li,et al.  A multi-layered reflection model of natural human skin , 2001, Proceedings. Computer Graphics International 2001.

[13]  J. M. Chamberlain,et al.  Catalogue of Human Tissue Optical Properties at Terahertz Frequencies , 2003, Journal of biological physics.

[14]  Shuting Fan,et al.  The potential of terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis: A review of investigations to date. , 2012, Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery.

[15]  James Fujimoto,et al.  Optical coherence tomography using a continuous-wave, high-power, Raman continuum light source. , 2004, Optics express.

[16]  M. Y. Sy,et al.  A promising diagnostic method: Terahertz pulsed imaging and spectroscopy. , 2011, World journal of radiology.

[17]  Eduardo G Moros,et al.  Modelling millimetre wave propagation and absorption in a high resolution skin model: the effect of sweat glands , 2011, Physics in medicine and biology.

[18]  Gf Odland,et al.  The structure of the skin , 1991 .

[19]  Amir Ahmad Shishegar,et al.  Dielectric properties estimation of normal and malignant skin tissues at millimeter-wave frequencies using effective medium theory , 2014, 2014 22nd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE).

[20]  R. Hauge,et al.  Carbon nanotube terahertz detector. , 2014, Nano letters.

[21]  Kwok Hung Chan,et al.  Analysis of millimeter wave radiation to human body using inhomogeneous multilayer skin model , 2012, 2012 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[22]  A. N. Bashkatov,et al.  Optical properties of human skin, subcutaneous and mucous tissues in the wavelength range from 400 to 2000 nm , 2005 .

[23]  Sonja Huclova,et al.  Validation of human skin models in the MHz region , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[24]  M. E. Portnoi,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as a basis for terahertz emitters and detectors , 2009, Microelectron. J..

[25]  A. Agranat,et al.  The Helical Structure of Sweat Ducts: Their Influence on the Electromagnetic Reflection Spectrum of the Skin , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology.

[26]  E. Pickwell‐MacPherson,et al.  Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy of freshly excised human breast cancer. , 2009, Optics express.

[27]  Edmund Koch,et al.  Simultaneous dual-band optical coherence tomography in the spectral domain for high resolution in vivo imaging. , 2009, Optics express.