Using the SPSS Mixed Procedure to Fit Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Multilevel Models

Beginning with Version 11, SPSS implemented the MIXED procedure, which is capable of performing many common hierarchical linear model analyses. The purpose of this article was to provide a tutorial for performing cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses using this popular software platform. In doing so, the authors borrowed heavily from Singer’s overview of SAS PROC MIXED, duplicating her analyses using the SPSS MIXED procedure.

[1]  R. Wolfinger.  Covariance structure selection in general mixed models , 1993 .

[2]  Geert Verbeke,et al.  Flexible modelling of the covariance matrix in a linear random effects model , 2000 .

[3]  John M. Ferron.  Teacher’s Corner: Moving Between Hierarchical Modeling Notations , 1997 .

[4]  D. VanLeeuwen,et al.  A note on the covariance structure in a linear model , 1997 .

[5]  B P O'Connor,et al.  Simple and flexible SAS and SPSS programs for analyzing lag-sequential categorical data , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[6]  Ita G. G. Kreft,et al.  Multilevel Analysis Methods , 1994 .

[7]  Anthony S. Bryk,et al.  Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods , 1992 .

[8]  H. Akaike,et al.  Information Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle , 1973 .

[9]  G. Schwarz.  Estimating the Dimension of a Model , 1978 .

[10]  Jan de Leeuw,et al.  Review of Five Multilevel Analysis Programs: BMDP-5V, GENMOD, HLM, ML3, VARCL@@@BMDP-5V@@@GENMOD@@@HLM, Version 2.1@@@ML3, Version 2.2@@@VARCL , 1994 .

[11]  J. Singer,et al.  Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis , 2003 .

[12]  I G Kreft,et al.  The Effect of Different Forms of Centering in Hierarchical Linear Models. , 1995, Multivariate behavioral research.

[13]  G. Lawrence Farmer.  Use of Multilevel Covariance Structure Analysis to Evaluate the Multilevel Nature of Theoretical Constructs , 2000 .

[14]  Ita G. G. Kreft,et al.  Special Issue: Hierarchical Linear Models: Problems and Prospects , 1995 .

[15]  John Ferron,et al.  Effects of Misspecifying the First-Level Error Structure in Two-Level Models of Change , 2002, Multivariate behavioral research.

[16]  Jan de Leeuw,et al.  Review of Five Multilevel Analysis Programs: BMDP-5V, GENMOD, HLM, ML3, VARCL , 1994 .

[17]  Xiao-Hua Zhou,et al.  Statistical Computing Software Reviews Comparisons of Software Packages for Generalized Linear Multilevel Models , 1999 .

[18]  H Goldstein,et al.  Multilevel time series models with applications to repeated measures data. , 1994, Statistics in medicine.

[19]  John B. Willett,et al.  Questions and Answers in the Measurement of Change , 1988 .

[20]  John M. Ferron,et al.  Moving between Hierarchical Modeling Notations , 1997 .

[21]  Judith D. Singer,et al.  Using SAS PROC MIXED to Fit Multilevel Models, Hierarchical Models, and Individual Growth Models , 1998 .