The role of α-smooth muscle actin in myogenic differentiation of human glandular stem cells and their potential for smooth muscle cell replacement therapies

Importance of the field: Cellular replacement therapies in vascular and urogenital organ disorders require an abundant source of smooth muscle cells. A promising approach would be the directed myogenic differentiation (characterized by the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)) into a sufficient amount of smooth muscle cells through easily obtainable adult stem cells, for example from the sweat gland. Areas covered in this review: We present novel multipotent adult stem cell populations derived from glandular tissues like pancreas, salivary gland and sweat gland and assess their myogenic potential. Their possible application in cell replacement therapies is discussed, with regard to numerous scaffold-based approaches in the course of the last decade. What the reader will gain: Multipotent glandular stem cells can be manipulated by different means to express a predominant smooth muscle-like phenotype. Possible promising applications of myogenic differentiated stem cells were evaluated, since several studies revealed the beneficial effect of somatic stem cells in replacement therapies for blood vessels, bladder reconstructions, etc. Take home message: Glandular stem cells, especially sweat-gland-derived cells, provide an easily accessible and efficient source for autologous smooth muscle tissue, which might be used to replace vascular tissue in case of organ failure or disorder.

[1]  D. Rapoport,et al.  Towards a pragmatic strategy for regenerating infarcted myocardium with glandular stem cells. , 2009, Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.

[2]  L. Rodríguez,et al.  Processed lipoaspirate cells for tissue engineering of the lower urinary tract: implications for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and bladder reconstruction. , 2005, The Journal of urology.

[3]  N. L'Heureux,et al.  Human tissue-engineered blood vessels for adult arterial revascularization , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[4]  Hans-Günther Machens,et al.  The use of glandular-derived stem cells to improve vascularization in scaffold-mediated dermal regeneration. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[5]  David J. Anderson,et al.  Alternative Neural Crest Cell Fates Are Instructively Promoted by TGFβ Superfamily Members , 1996, Cell.

[6]  Y. Ueda,et al.  Effects of Extracellular Matrix on Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Smooth Muscle Cell Lineage: Utility for Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering , 2009, Cells Tissues Organs.

[7]  Benjamin Chu,et al.  Antithrombogenic property of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in nanofibrous vascular grafts , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[8]  B. Wollenberg,et al.  Glandular tissue from human pancreas and salivary gland yields similar stem cell populations. , 2009, European journal of cell biology.

[9]  C. Kruse,et al.  Autonomously Contracting Human Cardiomyocytes Generated from Adult Pancreatic Stem Cells and Enhanced in Co-Cultures with Myocardial Biopsies , 2006, The International journal of artificial organs.

[10]  Yilin Zhao,et al.  The development of a tissue-engineered artery using decellularized scaffold and autologous ovine mesenchymal stem cells. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[11]  G. Folk,et al.  The evolution of sweat glands , 1991, International journal of biometeorology.

[12]  G. Rau,et al.  Bladder wall replacement by tissue engineering and autologous keratinocytes in minipigs , 2006, BJU international.

[13]  M. Shokrgozar,et al.  Effects of cyclic stretch on proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation to smooth muscle cells. , 2009, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[14]  Min Lee,et al.  Urinary bladder smooth muscle engineered from adipose stem cells and a three dimensional synthetic composite. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[15]  J S Wilson,et al.  Activation of pancreatic stellate cells in human and experimental pancreatic fibrosis. , 1999, The American journal of pathology.

[16]  D. Rapoport,et al.  Isolation and in vitro cultivation turns cells from exocrine human pancreas into multipotent stem-cells. , 2009, Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.

[17]  M. Drab,et al.  From totipotent embryonic stem cells to spontaneously contracting smooth muscle cells: a retinoic acid and db‐cAMP in vitro differentiation model , 1997, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[18]  C. Kruse,et al.  Phenotypic indications that human sweat glands are a rich source of nestin‐positive stem cell populations , 2010, The British journal of dermatology.

[19]  B. Nadal-Ginard,et al.  A fourth human MEF2 transcription factor, hMEF2D, is an early marker of the myogenic lineage. , 1993, Development.

[20]  J. Vandekerckhove,et al.  At least six different actins are expressed in a higher mammal: an analysis based on the amino acid sequence of the amino-terminal tryptic peptide. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[21]  Smooth Muscle Myosin Phosphorylated at Single Head Shows Sustained Mechanical Activity* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[22]  J. H. Kim,et al.  Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into smooth-muscle-like cells through a TGF-β-dependent mechanism , 2006, Journal of Cell Science.

[23]  Thilo Wedel,et al.  Adult pancreatic stem/progenitor cells spontaneously differentiate in vitro into multiple cell lineages and form teratoma-like structures. , 2006, Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.

[24]  R Langer,et al.  Functional arteries grown in vitro. , 1999, Science.

[25]  B. Wollenberg,et al.  Isolation and characterization of adult stem cells from human salivary glands. , 2008, Stem cells and development.

[26]  Qingbo Xu,et al.  Stem cell-derived Sca-1+ progenitors differentiate into smooth muscle cells, which is mediated by collagen IV-integrin α1/β1/αv and PDGF receptor pathways , 2007 .

[27]  G. Korbutt,et al.  Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells from human pancreatic ductal epithelium , 2006, Laboratory Investigation.

[28]  P. Rubenstein.  The functional importance of multiple actin isoforms , 1990, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[29]  Wei Liu,et al.  A small diameter elastic blood vessel wall prepared under pulsatile conditions from polyglycolic acid mesh and smooth muscle cells differentiated from adipose-derived stem cells. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[30]  F. Tang,et al.  Differentiation of embryonic stem cell to astrocytes visualized by green fluorescent protein. , 2002, Cellular and molecular neurobiology.

[31]  C. Kruse,et al.  In vitro cultures of human pancreatic stem cells: gene and protein expression of designated markers varies with passage. , 2009, Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.

[32]  Dominic Frimberger,et al.  Growth of bone marrow stromal cells on small intestinal submucosa: an alternative cell source for tissue engineered bladder , 2005, BJU international.

[33]  Yan Liu,et al.  Myogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on a 3D nano fibrous scaffold for bladder tissue engineering. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[34]  M. Kawakami,et al.  Mechanical stress promotes the expression of smooth muscle-like properties in marrow stromal cells. , 2004, Experimental hematology.

[35]  S. U. Kim,et al.  Retinoic acid‐mediated induction of neurons and glial cells from human umbilical cord‐derived hematopoietic stem cells , 2004, Journal of neuroscience research.

[36]  K. Guan,et al.  Induction of Cellular Differentiation by Retinoic Acid in vitro , 1999, Cells Tissues Organs.

[37]  E. Olson,et al.  Myocyte enhancer binding factor-2 expression and activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. Association with the activated phenotype. , 1996, Circulation research.

[38]  D. Rapoport,et al.  The influence of pancreas-derived stem cells on scaffold based skin regeneration. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[39]  C. Kruse,et al.  Controlling alpha-SMA expression in adult human pancreatic stem cells by soluble factors. , 2009, Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft.

[40]  B. Berk,et al.  Retinoids: versatile biological response modifiers of vascular smooth muscle phenotype. , 2000, Circulation research.

[41]  C. Kruse,et al.  Pluripotency of adult stem cells derived from human and rat pancreas , 2004 .

[42]  G. Gabbiani,et al.  A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: a new probe for smooth muscle differentiation , 1986, The Journal of cell biology.

[43]  Allen M. Gown,et al.  Differential Expression of Myoepithelial Markers in Salivary, Sweat and Mammary Glands , 2000, International journal of surgical pathology.

[44]  J. Thyberg,et al.  Regulation of differentiated properties and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells. , 1990, Arteriosclerosis.

[45]  D. Kooy,et al.  Clonal identification of multipotent precursors from adult mouse pancreas that generate neural and pancreatic lineages , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[46]  Maya Schuldiner,et al.  Induced neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells , 2001, Brain Research.

[47]  J. Thiery,et al.  Ventrolateral regionalization of Xenopus laevis mesoderm is characterized by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. , 1992, Development.

[48]  T. Drewa.  Using hair-follicle stem cells for urinary bladder-wall regeneration. , 2008, Regenerative medicine.

[49]  T D Pollard,et al.  Actin and actin-binding proteins. A critical evaluation of mechanisms and functions. , 1986, Annual review of biochemistry.

[50]  Qingbo Xu,et al.  Stem cell-derived Sca-1+ progenitors differentiate into smooth muscle cells, which is mediated by collagen IV-integrin alpha1/beta1/alphav and PDGF receptor pathways. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.

[51]  H. Yokozaki,et al.  Pancreatic duct obstruction itself induces expression of alpha smooth muscle actin in pancreatic stellate cells. , 2003, The Journal of surgical research.

[52]  F A Auger,et al.  A completely biological tissue‐engineered human blood vessel , 1998, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[53]  C. Breuer,et al.  Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery , 2008, The Yale journal of biology and medicine.

[54]  M. Maden.  The role of retinoic acid in embryonic and post-embryonic development , 2000, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.