Sodium ion insertion in hollow carbon nanowires for battery applications.

Hollow carbon nanowires (HCNWs) were prepared through pyrolyzation of a hollow polyaniline nanowire precursor. The HCNWs used as anode material for Na-ion batteries deliver a high reversible capacity of 251 mAh g(-1) and 82.2% capacity retention over 400 charge-discharge cycles between 1.2 and 0.01 V (vs Na(+)/Na) at a constant current of 50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C). Excellent cycling stability is also observed at an even higher charge-discharge rate. A high reversible capacity of 149 mAh g(-1) also can be obtained at a current rate of 500 mA g(-1) (2C). The good Na-ion insertion property is attributed to the short diffusion distance in the HCNWs and the large interlayer distance (0.37 nm) between the graphitic sheets, which agrees with the interlayered distance predicted by theoretical calculations to enable Na-ion insertion in carbon materials.

[1]  Jeremy Barker,et al.  A Sodium-Ion Cell Based on the Fluorophosphate Compound NaVPO4 F , 2003 .

[2]  Y. Long,et al.  The Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Self‐Assembled Polyaniline Nanostructures , 2004 .

[3]  Candace K. Chan,et al.  Crystalline-amorphous core-shell silicon nanowires for high capacity and high current battery electrodes. , 2009, Nano letters.

[4]  Yi Cui,et al.  Carbon-silicon core-shell nanowires as high capacity electrode for lithium ion batteries. , 2009, Nano letters.

[5]  Lide Zhang,et al.  High-Performance and Reproducible Polyaniline Nanowire/Tubes for Removal of Cr(VI) in Aqueous Solution , 2011 .

[6]  Zhenguo Yang,et al.  Reversible Sodium Ion Insertion in Single Crystalline Manganese Oxide Nanowires with Long Cycle Life , 2011, Advanced materials.

[7]  Luis Sánchez,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of high-temperature hexagonal P2-Na0.6 MnO2 and its electrochemical behaviour as cathode in sodium cells , 2002 .

[8]  Hu-lin Li,et al.  Preparation of polyaniline nanowire arrayed electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors , 2008 .

[9]  J. Goodenough.  Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries , 2010 .

[10]  Shengbo Zhang.  A review on electrolyte additives for lithium-ion batteries , 2006 .

[11]  Lin Xu,et al.  Single nanowire electrochemical devices. , 2010, Nano letters.

[12]  Kathryn E. Toghill,et al.  A multifunctional 3.5 V iron-based phosphate cathode for rechargeable batteries. , 2007, Nature materials.

[13]  P. Novák,et al.  Surface reactivity of graphite materials and their surface passivation during the first electrochemical lithium insertion , 2006 .

[14]  Yuliang Cao,et al.  Surface-modified graphite as an improved intercalating anode for lithium-ion batteries , 2003 .

[15]  Donghan Kim,et al.  Enabling Sodium Batteries Using Lithium‐Substituted Sodium Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes , 2011 .

[16]  Ricardo Alcántara,et al.  Carbon black: a promising electrode material for sodium-ion batteries , 2001 .

[17]  E. Zhecheva,et al.  Characterisation of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) as active electrode material in lithium and sodium cells , 2000 .

[18]  Y. Korai,et al.  Anodic performance and insertion mechanism of hard carbons prepared from synthetic isotropic pitches , 2001 .

[19]  Yi Cui,et al.  Tunable reaction potentials in open framework nanoparticle battery electrodes for grid-scale energy storage. , 2012, ACS nano.

[20]  Jun Liu,et al.  A Soft Approach to Encapsulate Sulfur: Polyaniline Nanotubes for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries with Long Cycle Life , 2012, Advanced materials.

[21]  Hui Xiong,et al.  Nanostructured bilayered vanadium oxide electrodes for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. , 2012, ACS nano.

[22]  D. Stevens,et al.  High Capacity Anode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2000 .

[23]  Yong-Sheng Hu,et al.  Experimental and theoretical studies on reduction mechanism of vinyl ethylene carbonate on graphite anode for lithium ion batteries , 2004 .

[24]  Yi Cui,et al.  Nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle electrodes for aqueous sodium and potassium ion batteries. , 2011, Nano letters.

[25]  Ricardo Alcántara,et al.  Carbon Microspheres Obtained from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde as High-Capacity Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries , 2005 .

[26]  Kazuma Gotoh,et al.  Electrochemical Na Insertion and Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Hard‐Carbon Electrodes and Application to Na‐Ion Batteries , 2011 .

[27]  J-M Tarascon,et al.  Study of the insertion/deinsertion mechanism of sodium into Na0.44MnO2. , 2007, Inorganic chemistry.

[28]  Kazuma Gotoh,et al.  Properties of a novel hard-carbon optimized to large size Li ion secondary battery studied by 7Li NMR , 2006 .

[29]  Marca M. Doeff,et al.  Orthorhombic Na x MnO2 as a Cathode Material for Secondary Sodium and Lithium Polymer Batteries , 1994 .

[30]  Min Zhou,et al.  Nanosized Na4Fe(CN)6/C Composite as a Low‐Cost and High‐Rate Cathode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries , 2012 .

[31]  Jean-Marie Tarascon,et al.  Is lithium the new gold? , 2010, Nature chemistry.

[32]  D. Billaud,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis of binary graphite-lithium intercalation compounds , 1993 .

[33]  Min Gyu Kim,et al.  Silicon nanotube battery anodes. , 2009, Nano letters.

[34]  Shinichi Komaba,et al.  P2-type Na(x)[Fe(1/2)Mn(1/2)]O2 made from earth-abundant elements for rechargeable Na batteries. , 2012, Nature materials.

[35]  T. Abe,et al.  Surface Film Formation on a Graphite Negative Electrode in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Atomic Force Microscopy Study on the Effects of Film-Forming Additives in Propylene Carbonate Solutions , 2001 .

[36]  Yudai Huang,et al.  Triethyl orthoformate as a new film-forming electrolytes solvent for lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes , 2006 .

[37]  M. Armand,et al.  Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries , 2001, Nature.

[38]  Xiaozhen Liao,et al.  Structural and electrochemical characterization of carbonaceous mesophase spherule anode material for rechargeable lithium batteries , 2002 .