Component importance measures for interdependent infrastructure network resilience

Abstract Critical infrastructure networks such as transportation, telecommunications, electric power, natural gas and oil, and water distribution rely on one another for their proper functionality. Hence, they are increasingly interdependent, making them highly vulnerable, where the occurrence of even a small disruption in one infrastructure network could propagate to affect other dependent infrastructure networks leading to a more significant adverse impact on society. Therefore, a key aspect of preparedness planning in infrastructure networks is identifying the critical network components that influence not only (i) the performance of their networks the most when disrupted and restored but also (ii) the performance of other networks due to their interdependent nature. This work offers a means to study the importance of interdependent network components with a resilience-focused performance measure in mind. We propose two component importance measures, (i) the first of which quantifies the effect of disrupted components on the resilience of the interdependent infrastructure networks once they are recovered, while (ii) the second measures the potential impact on the resilience of the interdependent infrastructure networks caused by a specific disrupted network element. The proposed measures are illustrated through generated interdependent power-water networks and compared with two other common network centrality measures. The use of such measures could identify components that are candidates for the allocation of resources to reduce their vulnerability or to expedite their recovery.

[1]  W. Wallace,et al.  Impacts of the 2001 World Trade Center Attack on New York City Critical Infrastructures , 2006 .

[2]  Kash Barker,et al.  Stochastic Measures of Network Resilience: Applications to Waterway Commodity Flows , 2014, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[3]  D. R. Fulkerson,et al.  Maximal Flow Through a Network , 1956 .

[4]  Min Ouyang,et al.  Vulnerability analysis of interdependent infrastructure systems under edge attack strategies , 2013 .

[5]  Jungyul Sohn,et al.  Evaluating the significance of highway network links under the flood damage: An accessibility approach , 2006 .

[6]  Jonas Johansson,et al.  An approach for modelling interdependent infrastructures in the context of vulnerability analysis , 2010, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[7]  Tom Petersen,et al.  Importance and Exposure in Road Network Vulnerability Analysis , 2006 .

[8]  Jose F. Espiritu,et al.  Component criticality importance measures for the power industry , 2007 .

[9]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  The Structure and Function of Complex Networks , 2003, SIAM Rev..

[10]  Min Ouyang,et al.  Critical location identification and vulnerability analysis of interdependent infrastructure systems under spatially localized attacks , 2016, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[11]  Juan Carlos García-Palomares,et al.  Measuring the vulnerability of public transport networks , 2014 .

[12]  Kash Barker,et al.  Resilience-based network component importance measures , 2013, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[13]  M E J Newman,et al.  Community structure in social and biological networks , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[14]  Jose Emmanuel Ramirez-Marquez,et al.  Resiliency as a component importance measure in network reliability , 2009, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[15]  R. Wen,et al.  Field Survey of Mw8.8 Feb. 27, 2010 Chile Earthquake and Tsunami , 2011 .

[16]  William A. Wallace,et al.  Rapid Assessment of Hurricane Damage and Disruption to Interdependent Civil Infrastructure Systems , 2015 .

[17]  Leonardo Dueñas-Osorio,et al.  The Interdependent Network Design Problem for Optimal Infrastructure System Restoration , 2016, Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastructure Eng..

[18]  Raghav Pant,et al.  Stochastic measures of resilience and their application to container terminals , 2014, Comput. Ind. Eng..

[19]  H Jönsson,et al.  Identifying critical components in technical infrastructure networks , 2008 .

[20]  Uday Kumar,et al.  Availability allocation through importance measures , 2007 .

[21]  George E. Apostolakis,et al.  Identification of critical locations across multiple infrastructures for terrorist actions , 2007, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[22]  Min Ouyang,et al.  Comparisons of complex network based models and real train flow model to analyze Chinese railway vulnerability , 2014, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[23]  Sanjay Goel,et al.  Resilience Metrics for Service-Oriented Networks: A Service Allocation Approach , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing.

[24]  Naiding Yang,et al.  Modeling and simulation of the vulnerability of interdependent power-water infrastructure networks to cascading failures , 2016 .

[25]  Hanif D. Sherali,et al.  Linear Programming and Network Flows , 1977 .

[26]  Kash Barker,et al.  Achieved availability importance measure for enhancing reliability-centered maintenance decisions , 2015 .

[27]  John E. Mitchell,et al.  Restoration of Services in Interdependent Infrastructure Systems: A Network Flows Approach , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[28]  John E. Mitchell,et al.  Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem , 2012, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[29]  Xin-Jian Xu,et al.  Impacts of preference and geography on epidemic spreading. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[30]  Mark A. Turnquist,et al.  Design for resilience in infrastructure distribution networks , 2013, Environment Systems & Decisions.

[31]  Pengcheng Zhang,et al.  A generalized modeling framework to analyze interdependencies among infrastructure systems , 2011 .

[32]  Enrico Zio,et al.  Resilience-Based Component Importance Measures for Critical Infrastructure Network Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Reliability.

[33]  Liu Hong,et al.  Vulnerability analysis of interdependent infrastructure systems: A methodological framework , 2012 .

[34]  Amir Bashan,et al.  Vulnerability of Interdependent Networks and Networks of Networks , 2016 .

[35]  Kash Barker,et al.  Inherent Costs and Interdependent Impacts of Infrastructure Network Resilience , 2015, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[36]  L. Freeman,et al.  Centrality in valued graphs: A measure of betweenness based on network flow , 1991 .

[37]  Michael J Casey,et al.  Self-Organization and Topology Control of Infrastructure Sensor Networks , 2005 .

[38]  Darren M. Scott,et al.  Identifying Critical Road Segments and Measuring System-Wide Robustness in Transportation Networks with Isolating Links: A Link-Based Capacity-Reduction Approach , 2010 .

[39]  Richard Holden,et al.  A network flow model for interdependent infrastructures at the local scale , 2013 .

[40]  Barry J. Goodno,et al.  Seismic response of critical interdependent networks , 2007 .

[41]  Min Ouyang,et al.  Resilience assessment of interdependent infrastructure systems: With a focus on joint restoration modeling and analysis , 2015, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[42]  James P. Peerenboom,et al.  Identifying, understanding, and analyzing critical infrastructure interdependencies , 2001 .

[43]  Michel Bruneau,et al.  A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities , 2003 .

[44]  Laura A. Albert,et al.  Resilience-driven restoration model for interdependent infrastructure networks , 2019, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[45]  Kash Barker,et al.  A review of definitions and measures of system resilience , 2016, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[46]  Harry Eugene Stanley,et al.  Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks , 2009, Nature.

[47]  Kash Barker,et al.  A multi-criteria decision analysis approach for importance identification and ranking of network components , 2017, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[48]  Devanandham Henry,et al.  Generic metrics and quantitative approaches for system resilience as a function of time , 2012, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[49]  James H. Lambert,et al.  Defining resilience analytics for interdependent cyber-physical-social networks , 2017 .

[50]  Gian Paolo Cimellaro,et al.  Seismic resilience of a hospital system , 2010 .

[51]  Rae Zimmerman,et al.  Social Implications of Infrastructure Network Interactions , 2001 .

[52]  Irene Eusgeld,et al.  "System-of-systems" approach for interdependent critical infrastructures , 2011, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[53]  Kash Barker,et al.  Quantifying the resilience of community structures in networks , 2018, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[54]  A. Rose.  Economic resilience to natural and man-made disasters: Multidisciplinary origins and contextual dimensions , 2007 .

[55]  John E. Mitchell,et al.  Integrating restoration and scheduling decisions for disrupted interdependent infrastructure systems , 2013, Ann. Oper. Res..

[56]  Alex Sprintson,et al.  Modeling performance of interdependent power and water networks during urban fire events , 2010, 2010 48th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton).

[57]  Kay W. Axhausen,et al.  Vulnerability Assessment Methodology for Swiss Road Network , 2009 .

[58]  Richard G. Little,et al.  Controlling Cascading Failure: Understanding the Vulnerabilities of Interconnected Infrastructures , 2002 .

[59]  Milos Manic,et al.  CIMS: A Framework for Infrastructure Interdependency Modeling and Analysis , 2006, Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference.

[60]  David W. Coit,et al.  Composite importance measures for multi-state systems with multi-state components , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Reliability.

[61]  Kash Barker,et al.  Flow-based vulnerability measures for network component importance: Experimentation with preparedness planning , 2016, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[62]  Anna Nagurney,et al.  Fragile Networks: Identifying Vulnerabilities and Synergies in an Uncertain World , 2009 .

[63]  Stephanie E. Chang,et al.  Infrastructure failure interdependencies in extreme events: power outage consequences in the 1998 Ice Storm , 2007 .

[64]  Luca Podofillini,et al.  Generalised importance measures for multi-state elements based on performance level restrictions , 2003, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[65]  Jie Wu,et al.  Modeling cascading failures in interdependent infrastructures under terrorist attacks , 2016, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[66]  Anthony Chen,et al.  Network-based Accessibility Measures for Vulnerability Analysis of Degradable Transportation Networks , 2007 .