Occurrence of chlorinated paraffins in house dust samples from Bavaria, Germany.

Levels and distribution of chlorinated paraffins were studied in randomly taken house dust samples (<63 μm) from the greater area of Munich, Germany. Quantification of short- (SCCPs, C(10)-C(13)) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs, C(14)-C(16)) were performed using gas chromatography electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS). Concentrations of MCCPs in private household samples varied between 9 μg/g and 892 μg/g, and exceeded levels of SCCPs, which were in the range of 4-27 μg/g. Two dust samples from a public building contained up to 2050 μg/g SCCPs but no MCCPs. Among MCCPs, chlorinated tetradecanes were major components with a proportion of almost 50%. Among SCCPs, chlorinated dodecanes were usually present at higher concentrations than the congeners of any C10, C11, and C13 chains. The results indicate that particularly MCCPs may be present in relatively high concentrations in house dusts.

[1]  C. Samara,et al.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments--a review on occurrence and human exposure. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[2]  Bernhard Liebl,et al.  Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany. , 2009, Environment international.

[3]  M. Oehme,et al.  Congener group patterns of chloroparaffins in marine sediments obtained by chloride attachment chemical ionization and electron capture negative ionization. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[4]  C. D. de Wit,et al.  Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 1: levels and profiles. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[5]  Jean-François Focant,et al.  Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries. , 2008, Chemosphere.

[6]  Gary A. Stern,et al.  Quantifying C10−C13 Polychloroalkanes in Environmental Samples by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Negative Ion High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry , 1997 .

[7]  Michael Oehme,et al.  New quantification procedure for the analysis of chlorinated paraffins using electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[8]  Y. Cheng,et al.  Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[9]  Michael Oehme,et al.  Limitations of low resolution mass spectrometry in the electron capture negative ionization mode for the analysis of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins , 2004, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[10]  W. Völkel,et al.  Effects of chain length, chlorination degree, and structure on the octanol-water partition coefficients of polychlorinated n-alkanes. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[11]  Adrian Covaci,et al.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States. , 2008, Environment international.

[12]  Heidelore Fiedler,et al.  Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins : Production, Use and International Regulations , 2010 .

[13]  M. Ricci,et al.  Analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins: a discussion paper. , 2007, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[14]  Chunrong Jia,et al.  Concentrations and emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from U.S. houses and garages. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[15]  D. Muir,et al.  Levels of C10−C13 Polychloro-n-Alkanes in Marine Mammals from the Arctic and the St. Lawrence River Estuary , 2000 .

[16]  A. Covaci,et al.  Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium. , 2010, Chemosphere.

[17]  M. Coelhan.  Levels of Chlorinated Paraffins in Water , 2010 .

[18]  H. Parlar,et al.  A comparative study of polychlorinated alkanes as standards for the determination of C10-C13 polychlorinated paraffines in fish samples. , 2000, Chemosphere.

[19]  M. Coelhan.  Determination of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in fish samples by short-column GC/ECNI-MS , 1999 .

[20]  A. Fisk,et al.  Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes. , 1998, Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[21]  Urs Berger,et al.  Chlorinated paraffins in indoor air and dust: concentrations, congener patterns, and human exposure. , 2011, Environment international.

[22]  W. Kersten,et al.  Schwer flüchtige organische Umweltchemikalien in Hamburger Hausstäuben , 2003 .