Ethnic residential segregation in New Zealand, 1991–2006

New Zealand has experienced a marked increase in immigration since the early 1990s, which has fostered greater ethnic diversity. However, little is known about the changing patterns of spatial differentiation among ethnic groups. Using the New Zealand Census data from 1991 to 2006, we examine the patterns of Asian, Maori, and Pacific people residential segregation from the majority European population. We then assess the effects of ethnic group and geographic level characteristics on the levels of segregation. The results reveal that Pacific people are the most segregated group from Europeans. The levels of segregation have declined only slightly for Maori and Pacific people over time, but increased gradually for Asians. While results show general support for spatial assimilation theory, different sets of factors were found to be associated with levels of segregation for each ethnic minority group.

[1]  J. Nazroo,et al.  Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study , 2006, The Lancet.

[2]  S. Musterd.  Social and Ethnic Segregation in Europe: Levels, Causes, and Effects , 2005 .

[3]  I. Pool,et al.  New Zealand Regions, 1986-2001: Population Geography , 2005 .

[4]  Carl S. Hantman,et al.  Beyond Black and White : Metropolitan Residential Segregation in Multi-Ethnic America , 2002 .

[5]  Rima Wilkes,et al.  The Spatial Assimilation Model Reexamined: An Assessment by Canadian Data 1 , 1999 .

[6]  Carolyn A. Liebler,et al.  A practical approach to using Multiple-Race response data: A bridging method for publicuse microdata , 2008, Demography.

[7]  M. Thrupp.  School Admissions and the Segregation of School Intakes in New Zealand Cities , 2007 .

[8]  N. Glazer,et al.  Comment on ‘London and New York: contrasts in British and American models of segregation’ by Ceri Peach , 1999 .

[9]  William H. Frey,et al.  Changes in the segregation of whites from blacks during the 1980s: small steps toward a more integrated society. , 1994 .

[10]  P. Callister.  Ethnicity measures, intermarriage and social policy , 2003 .

[11]  E. Fong.  A Comparative Perspective on Racial Residential Segregation: American and Canadian Experiences , 1996 .

[12]  D. Weinberg,et al.  Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States, 1980-2000 , 2002 .

[13]  K. Gibson.  Political Economy and International Labour Migration: The Case of Polynesians in New Zealand , 1983 .

[14]  Stanley Lieberson,et al.  An Asymmetrical Approach to Segregation , 1981 .

[15]  A. Fleras,et al.  Recalling Aotearoa: Indigenous Politics and Ethnic Relations in New Zealand , 1999 .

[16]  Jeffrey M. Timberlake,et al.  Change in Racial and Ethnic Residential Inequality in American Cities, 1970–2000 , 2007 .

[17]  M. Waters,et al.  The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals , 2004 .

[18]  F. Bean,et al.  AMERICA'S CHANGING COLOR LINES: Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Multiracial Identification , 2004 .

[19]  R. Johnston,et al.  Ethnic Residential Segregation Across an Urban System: The Maori in New Zealand, 1991–2001 , 2005, The Professional Geographer.

[20]  M. White,et al.  The segregation of Asian-origin groups in the United States and Canada , 2003 .

[21]  John Iceland,et al.  Immigrant residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1990–2000 , 2008, Demography.

[22]  L. Freeman.  Does Spatial Assimilation Work for Black Immigrants in the US? , 2002 .

[23]  A. Bell,et al.  Linguists and Language Maintenance: Pasifika Languages in Manukau, New Zealand , 2002 .

[24]  C. Fischer.  Toward a Subcultural Theory of Urbanism , 1975, American Journal of Sociology.

[25]  L. Simpson.  Statistics of Racial Segregation: Measures, Evidence and Policy , 2004 .

[26]  J. Davey,et al.  Special needs versus the ‘level playing-field’: Recent developments in housing policy for indigenous people in New Zealand , 1994 .

[27]  John R. Logan,et al.  Immigrant Groups in the Suburbs: A Reexamination of Suburbanization and Spatial Assimilation , 1999, American Sociological Review.

[28]  P. Morrison.  The geography of rental housing and the restructuring of housing assistance in New Zealand , 1995 .

[29]  Manying Ip.  Maori‐Chinese encounters: indigine‐immigrant interaction in New Zealand , 2003, Asian Studies Review.

[30]  Susan J. Smith,et al.  Ethnic Segregation in Cities , 1983 .

[31]  Elsie Ho,et al.  The Chinese in Auckland: Changing profiles in a more diverse society , 2006 .

[32]  I. Pool.  A method for the Social grading of Areas , 1960 .

[33]  Elsie Ho,et al.  Asian Transnational Families in New Zealand: Dynamics and Challenges , 2008 .

[34]  D. Thorns.  POLICY REVIEW Housing Policy in the 1990s-New Zealand a Decade of Change , 2000 .

[35]  J. Feagin,et al.  The urban mosaic , 1971 .

[36]  Bedford Rd,et al.  The people of New Zealand: reflections on a revolution. , 1987 .

[37]  P. Spoonley,et al.  Intergenerational Transnationalism: 1.5 Generation Asian Migrants in New Zealand1 , 2008 .

[38]  W. B. Johnston,et al.  Southern approaches : geography in New Zealand , 1989 .

[39]  Wei Li.  From urban enclave to ethnic suburb : new Asian communities in Pacific Rim countries , 2006 .

[40]  John R. Logan,et al.  Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: two decades of change , 2004, Demography.

[41]  P. Spoonley.  A CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LABOUR MIGRATION IN NEW ZEALAND , 2006 .

[42]  I. Pool,et al.  New Zealand Regions, 1986-2001: Education and qualifications , 2005 .

[43]  R. Alba,et al.  Variations on two themes: Racial and ethnic patterns in the attainment of suburban residence , 1991, Demography.

[44]  Robin Kearns,et al.  Housing Policy, Poverty, and Culture: ‘Discounting’ Decisions among Pacific Peoples in Auckland, New Zealand , 2002 .

[45]  T. Kukutai.  The Problem of Defining an Ethnic Group for Public Policy: Who Is Maori and Why Does It Matter? , 2004 .

[46]  P Ongley,et al.  Post-1945 International Migration: New Zealand, Australia and Canada Compared 1 , 1995, The International migration review.

[47]  Douglas S. Massey,et al.  Ethnic Residential Segregation : A Theoretical Synthesis and Empirical Review , 1985 .

[48]  R. Farley,et al.  Residential segregation of Asian Americans in 1980. , 1985 .

[49]  Ron Johnston,et al.  Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Ethnoburbs in Auckland, New Zealand , 2008 .

[50]  D. Pool.  Te Iwi Maori: A New Zealand Population, Past, Present and Projected , 1991 .

[51]  D. Massey,et al.  The Dimensions of Segregation Revisited , 1996 .

[52]  R. Johnston,et al.  Rethinking the Analysis of Ethnic Residential Patterns: Segregation, Isolation, or Concentration Thresholds in Auckland, New Zealand? , 2002 .

[53]  Rima Wilkes,et al.  Racial and Ethnic Residential Patterns in Canada , 2003 .

[54]  I. Pool,et al.  New Zealand regions, 1986-2001: Industries and occupations , 2005 .

[55]  C. Peach,et al.  London and New York: contrasts in British and American models of segregation with a comment by Nathan Glazer , 1999 .

[56]  Camille Z. Charles,et al.  The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation , 2003 .

[57]  T. Kukutai.  White Mothers, Brown Children: Ethnic Identification of Maori‐European Children in New Zealand , 2007 .

[58]  N. Denton,et al.  The Dimensions of Residential Segregation , 1988 .

[59]  S. Yoshida,et al.  Contemporary migration in Oceania: Diaspora and network , 1997 .