Bridging Distances: Organizing Boundary-spanning Technology Development Projects

Technology development is often a boundary-spanning activity where insights and discoveries from different organizations or organizational units are merged into new products or new technical solutions. In some cases, projects of this kind are organized within large multinational firms. In other cases, technology development projects are organized within networks through co-operation between independent companies possessing unique resources that can be utilized as parts of the project. In this paper, we discuss and analyse how distances are bridged in technology development projects. We focus on: (1) the relationship between implicit and explicit knowledge; and (2) different distances inherent in the development effort. Two different bridging processes are proposed as means to overcome distances: a separating-integrating process; and a linking-formalizing process. It is argued that a development project typically runs through either one of these two processes. Le développement de la technologie est souvent une activité qui s'étend sur les limites et dont les aperçus et les découvertes, qui proviennent des organisations ou des unités d'organisation différentes, sont incorporés en de nouveaux produits ou de nouvelles solutions techniques. Dans certains cas, de tels projets sont organisés au sein des grandes sociétés multinationales. Dans d'autres cas, des projets à caractère technologique sont organisés sous forme de réseaux par moyen de la coopération entre des sociétés indépendantes dotées des ressources particulières susceptibles d'être utilisées comme partie intégrante du projet. Cet article cherche à discuter et à analyser comment se réduisent les distances dans les projets à caractère technologique. L'article focalise en premier sur le rapport entre les connaissances implicite et explicite, et en deuxième les différentes distances propres à l'initiative de développement. On propose deux processus différents visant la réduction des distances: un processus de séparation-intégration et un processus de relation-formalisation. On soutient qu'un projet de développement parcourt l'un de ces deux processus. Technologische Entwicklungen erweisen sich oft als grenzüberschreitende Unternehmungen, bei denen Einsichten und Entdeckungen verschiedener Organisationen oder organisatorischer Einheiten zu Produkten oder neuen technischen Lösungen verschmolzen werden. Manchmal werden Projekte dieser Art innerhalb großer, multinationaler Unternehmen bewerkstelligt, doch in anderen werden technologische Entwicklungsprojekte durch Zusammenarbeit unabhängiger Gesellschaften mit einmaligen Ressourcen erreicht, welche als Teilelemente des Projekts eingesetzt werde können. In diesem Aufsatz wird analysiert wie in technologischen Entwicklungsprojekten Entfernungen überbrückt werden. Dabei richtet sich die Aufmerksamkeit auf (1) das Verhältnis zwischen impliziten und expliziten Wissen, und (2) unterschiedliche Arten von Entfernungen im Entwicklungsprozess. Es werden zwei unterschiedliche Überbrückungsprozesse als Mittel zur Überwindung von Entfernungen vorgeschlagen: eine separierend-integrierender Prozess und ein verbindend-formalisierender Vorgang. Es wird argumentiert, dass ein Entwicklungsprozess typischerweise einen der beiden Prozesse durchläuft.

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