Low-loss optical waveguides written by femtosecond laser pulses for three-dimensional photonic devices

Femtosecond laser microfabrication attracts much attention due to its ability to write three-dimensional photonic devices into various transparent materials. By optimizing laser processing parameters and annealing at high temperature, low-loss straight optical waveguides are written in a pure silica glass. The minimum propagation-loss is 0.05 dB/cm at the wavelength of 1550 nm. The utility of the femtosecond laser processing is demonstrated by writing a low-loss three-dimensional 1×8 optical splitter.

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