Extended (FD)2TD formulations for lumped elements

Currently extended finite-difference time domain (FDTD) formulations require the permittivity and conductivity to be independent of frequency. However, for many real materials of interest, these parameters vary significantly with frequency. The extended frequency-dependent finite-difference time domain (FD)2TD method makes it possible to analyze hybrid integrated circuits with lumped element within dispersive medium by combining lumped parameters (R, C, or L) and frequency-dependent dielectric substrate in the algorithm. This method allows the full-wave analysis of virtually hybrid integrated circuits and gets parameters with a wide frequency range with one simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 206–209, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11016