Applications and modifications of aptamers: potential tool for medical microbiology

Aptamers are ligands made of single-stranded DNA, oligonucleotide RNA or short peptides which bind specifically to their target molecules with high affinity. They resemble different types of monoclonal, polyclonal and recombinant antibodies in their mode of attachment. Aptamers optimally bind their targets in a range of &mgr;mol to &rgr;mol. Targets vary from small molecules to macromolecules to whole cells. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment is an affinity-based screening method for aptamers. Examples of aptamer applications include structural analysis of molecules, affinity/specificity testing, epitope mapping, making aptamer libraries by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, pathogenic targeting, specific molecular targeting, live cell targeting, analytical applications, therapeutic potentials and drug delivery. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B is one of the most important bacterial toxins in different disorders. Aptamers offer a fast, feasible, reliable and affordable method for detecting this toxin.

[1]  Dirk Labudde,et al.  Selection of a DNA aptamer against norovirus capsid protein VP1. , 2014, FEMS microbiology letters.

[2]  B. Han,et al.  High performance aptamer affinity chromatography for single-step selective extraction and screening of basic protein lysozyme. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[3]  John O Trent,et al.  Discovery and development of the G-rich oligonucleotide AS1411 as a novel treatment for cancer. , 2009, Experimental and molecular pathology.

[4]  J. Therasse,et al.  Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. A comparative study of ELISA and ELIFA systems. , 1990, Journal of immunological methods.

[5]  A. Shaughnessy.  Monoclonal antibodies: magic bullets with a hefty price tag , 2012, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[6]  Eric Chevet,et al.  HAPIscreen, a method for high-throughput aptamer identification , 2011, Journal of nanobiotechnology.

[7]  T. Gingeras,et al.  Genome-wide transcription and the implications for genomic organization , 2007, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[8]  B. Sullenger,et al.  In vivo selection of tumor-targeting RNA motifs , 2009, Nature chemical biology.

[9]  T. Mészáros,et al.  Selection and versatile application of virus‐specific aptamers , 2010, The FASEB Journal.

[10]  J. Rossi,et al.  Functional In Vivo Delivery of Multiplexed Anti-HIV-1 siRNAs via a Chemically Synthesized Aptamer With a Sticky Bridge , 2012, Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

[11]  R. Cone,et al.  Covalent attachment of hybridizable oligonucleotides to glass supports. , 1997, Analytical biochemistry.

[12]  John G. Bruno,et al.  Plastic-Adherent DNA Aptamer-Magnetic Bead and Quantum Dot Sandwich Assay for Campylobacter Detection , 2009, Journal of Fluorescence.

[13]  Jeffrey DeGrasse,et al.  A Single-Stranded DNA Aptamer That Selectively Binds to Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B , 2012, PloS one.

[14]  Yordan Kostov,et al.  An automated point-of-care system for immunodetection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. , 2011, Analytical biochemistry.

[15]  B. Shen,et al.  Single-stranded DNA aptamers that bind differentiated but not parental cells: subtractive systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. , 2003, Journal of biotechnology.

[16]  Soonhag Kim,et al.  Bioimaging of targeting cancers using aptamer-conjugated carbon nanodots. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[17]  Yong-Kweon Kim,et al.  Microbead‐based affinity chromatography chip using RNA aptamer modified with photocleavable linker , 2004, Electrophoresis.

[18]  S. Nie,et al.  Therapeutic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Types of Nanoparticles Used as Drug Delivery Systems , 2022 .

[19]  X Chris Le,et al.  Aptamer-based affinity chromatographic assays for thrombin. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[20]  Sung Ho Ryu,et al.  Bioimaging of Nucleolin Aptamer-Containing 5-(N-benzylcarboxyamide)-2′-deoxyuridine More Capable of Specific Binding to Targets in Cancer Cells , 2010, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

[21]  Henning Ulrich,et al.  In Vitro Selection of RNA Aptamers That Bind to Cell Adhesion Receptors of Trypanosoma cruzi and Inhibit Cell Invasion* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[22]  J. Mattick.  The Genetic Signatures of Noncoding RNAs , 2009, PLoS genetics.

[23]  Tracy R. Keeney,et al.  Aptamer-based multiplexed proteomic technology for biomarker discovery , 2010, Nature Precedings.

[24]  L. Gold,et al.  From oligonucleotide shapes to genomic SELEX: novel biological regulatory loops. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[25]  M. Berezovski,et al.  Smart aptamers facilitate multi-probe affinity analysis of proteins with ultra-wide dynamic range of measured concentrations. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  Koji Sode,et al.  Analysis of the evolution of the thrombin-inhibiting DNA aptamers using a genetic algorithm , 2006, Biotechnology Letters.

[27]  Sylvie Chevalier,et al.  Gram-Negative Bacterial Sensors for Eukaryotic Signal Molecules , 2009, Sensors.

[28]  B. Shen,et al.  Combining use of a panel of ssDNA aptamers in the detection of Staphylococcus aureus , 2009, Nucleic acids research.

[29]  Abhishek Parashar,et al.  Aptamers in Therapeutics. , 2016, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR.

[30]  Marjorie B. Medina,et al.  DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B (SEB) WITH SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE BIOSENSOR1 , 2003 .

[31]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Cell-specific internalization study of an aptamer from whole cell selection. , 2008, Chemistry.

[32]  Yingfu Li,et al.  Structure-switching signaling aptamers: transducing molecular recognition into fluorescence signaling. , 2004, Chemistry.

[33]  Yoon-Bo Shim,et al.  Simultaneous electrochemical detection of both PSMA (+) and PSMA (-) prostate cancer cells using an RNA/peptide dual-aptamer probe. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[34]  H. Mossmann,et al.  Direct skin test in highly sensitized guinea pigs for rapid and sensitive determination of staphylococcal enterotoxin B , 1983, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[35]  C. Lorenz,et al.  Genomic SELEX: A discovery tool for genomic aptamers , 2010, Methods.

[36]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for selective collection and detection of cancer cells. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[37]  Vadim Nikiforov,et al.  Aptamers to Escherichia coli core RNA polymerase that sense its interaction with rifampicin, sigma-subunit and GreB. , 2004, European journal of biochemistry.

[38]  Manuel Soto,et al.  A DNA aptamer population specifically detects Leishmania infantum H2A antigen , 2007, Laboratory Investigation.

[39]  Katsunori Horii,et al.  ValFold: Program for the aptamer truncation process , 2011, Bioinformation.

[40]  John J Rossi,et al.  Cell-specific aptamer-mediated targeted drug delivery. , 2011, Oligonucleotides.

[41]  W. Filipowicz.  Imprinted expression of small nucleolar RNAs in brain: time for RNomics. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[42]  A. Hüttenhofer,et al.  RNomics: identification and function of small, non-messenger RNAs. , 2002, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[43]  W. Kusser,et al.  Chemically modified nucleic acid aptamers for in vitro selections: evolving evolution. , 2000, Journal of biotechnology.

[44]  S. Davaran,et al.  Staphylococcal entorotoxin B anchored exosome induces apoptosis in negative esterogen receptor breast cancer cells , 2014, Tumor Biology.

[45]  A. Ellington,et al.  Protective effects of anti-ricin A-chain RNA aptamer against ricin toxicity. , 2008, World journal of gastroenterology.

[46]  X. Le,et al.  DNA aptamers binding to multiple prevalent M-types of Streptococcus pyogenes. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[47]  Chun-Ming Huang,et al.  Development of nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug delivery. , 2010, Current medicinal chemistry.

[48]  Feng-Di T Lung,et al.  Monitoring bone loss using ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology. , 2003, Protein and peptide letters.

[49]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Generating aptamers for recognition of virus-infected cells. , 2009, Clinical chemistry.

[50]  H. Schätzl,et al.  Aptamers against prion proteins and prions , 2009, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.

[51]  Guodong Liu,et al.  Aptamer-nanoparticle strip biosensor for sensitive detection of cancer cells. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[52]  L. Hood,et al.  A common language for physical mapping of the human genome. , 1989, Science.

[53]  Sachdev S Sidhu,et al.  Synthetic therapeutic antibodies , 2006, Nature chemical biology.

[54]  Xiaobing Zhang,et al.  Molecular aptamers for drug delivery. , 2011, Trends in biotechnology.

[55]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Molecular Recognition of Small‐Cell Lung Cancer Cells Using Aptamers , 2008, ChemMedChem.

[56]  X Chris Le,et al.  Selection of aptamers against live bacterial cells. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[57]  B. Eaton,et al.  The joys of in vitro selection: chemically dressing oligonucleotides to satiate protein targets. , 1997, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[58]  J. Wong,et al.  A sensitive fluorogenic enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Vipera russelli venom. , 1993, Natural toxins.

[59]  X. Lan,et al.  Utility of aptamer-fluorescence in situ hybridization for rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 2011, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.

[60]  M. Hashida,et al.  Macromolecule-drug conjugates in targeted cancer chemotherapy. , 1984, Critical reviews in therapeutic drug carrier systems.

[61]  P. Richardson,et al.  An improved method for the in vitro evolution of aptamers and applications in protein detection and purification. , 2003, Nucleic acids research.

[62]  H. S. Murali,et al.  A NOVEL MULTIPLEX PCR SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B, TSST, NUC AND FEM GENES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN FOOD SYSTEM , 2010 .

[63]  M. Mahdavi,et al.  Exosome/staphylococcal enterotoxin B, an anti tumor compound against pancreatic cancer. , 2014, Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology.

[64]  Andrew D. Ellington,et al.  Aptamer mediated siRNA delivery , 2006, Nucleic acids research.

[65]  Saber M. Hussain,et al.  Novel Platform Development Using an Assembly of Carbon Nanotube, Nanogold and Immobilized RNA Capture Element towards Rapid, Selective Sensing of Bacteria , 2012, Sensors.

[66]  J. Poole.  Problem-solving in antibody identification. , 2004, Vox sanguinis.

[67]  Joyce Nelson,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and Safety of an Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Aptamer (NX1838) Following Injection into the Vitreous Humor of Rhesus Monkeys , 2000, Pharmaceutical Research.

[68]  Leonard G Presta,et al.  Engineering of therapeutic antibodies to minimize immunogenicity and optimize function. , 2006, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[69]  L. Peruski,et al.  Immunological Methods for Detection and Identification of Infectious Disease and Biological Warfare Agents , 2003, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.

[70]  K. Horii,et al.  Quantitative and sensitive protein detection strategies based on aptamers , 2012, Proteomics. Clinical applications.

[71]  Roberto Reverberi,et al.  Factors affecting the antigen-antibody reaction. , 2007, Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue.

[72]  R. B. Cary,et al.  Lateral flow microarrays: a novel platform for rapid nucleic acid detection based on miniaturized lateral flow chromatography , 2007, Nucleic acids research.

[73]  A. Bhunia,et al.  Antibody–aptamer functionalized fibre‐optic biosensor for specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes from food , 2010, Journal of applied microbiology.

[74]  A. Gautam,et al.  High-affinity RNA Aptamers Against the HIV-1 Protease Inhibit Both In Vitro Protease Activity and Late Events of Viral Replication , 2015, Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids.

[75]  A. A. I. Fooladi,et al.  In vivo induction of necrosis in mice fibrosarcoma via intravenous injection of type B staphylococcal enterotoxin , 2008, Biotechnology Letters.

[76]  Bernd Kammerer,et al.  Towards Protein Crystallization as a Process Step in Downstream Processing of Therapeutic Antibodies: Screening and Optimization at Microbatch Scale , 2011, PloS one.

[77]  Randall W. Nelson,et al.  Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B via Biomolecular Interaction Analysis Mass Spectrometry , 2003, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[78]  Il-Hyun Kim,et al.  An alternative to Western blot analysis using RNA aptamer-functionalized quantum dots. , 2010, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[79]  Jie Zhou,et al.  Cross-Protection of Influenza A Virus Infection by a DNA Aptamer Targeting the PA Endonuclease Domain , 2015, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[80]  Mathew W. Wright,et al.  Naming 'junk': Human non-protein coding RNA (ncRNA) gene nomenclature , 2011, Human Genomics.

[81]  J. Bruno,et al.  Development of DNA aptamers to a foot-and-mouth disease peptide for competitive FRET-based detection. , 2008, Journal of biomolecular techniques : JBT.

[82]  Lee-Ann Jaykus,et al.  Selection, characterization, and application of DNA aptamers for the capture and detection of Salmonella enterica serovars. , 2009, Molecular and cellular probes.

[83]  C. Vernozy-Rozand,et al.  Comparison of three immunological methods for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxins from food , 2004, Letters in applied microbiology.

[84]  D. Bunka,et al.  Development of aptamer therapeutics. , 2010, Current opinion in pharmacology.

[85]  S. Gallinger,et al.  Problems of Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies , 1995, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[86]  T. Miyamoto,et al.  Immunomagnetic flow cytometric detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in raw and dry milk. , 2003, Journal of food protection.

[87]  R. Stoltenburg,et al.  SELEX--a (r)evolutionary method to generate high-affinity nucleic acid ligands. , 2007, Biomolecular engineering.

[88]  Hsien-Da Huang,et al.  RegRNA: an integrated web server for identifying regulatory RNA motifs and elements , 2006, Nucleic Acids Res..

[89]  S. Klußmann,et al.  In vivo properties of an anti-GnRH Spiegelmer: An example of an oligonucleotide-based therapeutic substance class , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[90]  R. Derike Smiley,et al.  Selection and characterization of DNA aptamers with binding selectivity to Campylobacter jejuni using whole-cell SELEX , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[91]  Lauren Ancel Meyers,et al.  Aptamer Database , 2004, Nucleic Acids Res..

[92]  H. Hug,et al.  Microarray of recombinant antibodies using a streptavidin sensor surface self-assembled onto a gold layer. , 2003, BioTechniques.

[93]  E. Wang,et al.  DNA G-quadruplex-templated formation of the fluorescent silver nanocluster and its application to bioimaging. , 2012, Talanta.

[94]  Kemin Wang,et al.  Aptamer-fluorescent silica nanoparticles bioconjugates based dual-color flow cytometry for specific detection of Staphylococcus aureus. , 2014, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[95]  Seunghun Hong,et al.  Aptamer sandwich-based carbon nanotube sensors for single-carbon-atomic-resolution detection of non-polar small molecular species. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[96]  S. J. Silverman,et al.  Rapid, sensitive assay for staphylococcal enterotoxin and a comparison of serological methods. , 1968, Applied microbiology.

[97]  J. Poole.  ES05.03 
Problem‐solving in antibody identification , 2004 .

[98]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Applications of aptamers in cancer cell biology. , 2008, Analytica chimica acta.

[99]  T. Krude,et al.  Noncoding human Y RNAs are overexpressed in tumours and required for cell proliferation , 2008, British Journal of Cancer.

[100]  K. Kaneko,et al.  Screening of DNA Aptamer Against Mouse Prion Protein by Competitive Selection , 2007, Prion.

[101]  A. Kulbachinskiy,et al.  Methods for selection of aptamers to protein targets , 2007, Biochemistry (Moscow).

[102]  J. Szostak,et al.  In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands , 1990, Nature.

[103]  L. Gold,et al.  Let's get specific: the relationship between specificity and affinity. , 1995, Chemistry & biology.

[104]  A. A. I. Fooladi,et al.  Clinical research Study of T-cell stimulation and cytokine release induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin type B and monophosphoryl lipid A , 2009 .

[105]  M. Bergdoll,et al.  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods , 1982, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[106]  Lloyd M. Smith,et al.  2'-Fluoro modified nucleic acids: polymerase-directed synthesis, properties and stability to analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. , 1997, Nucleic acids research.

[107]  D. Drolet,et al.  Aptamer affinity chromatography: combinatorial chemistry applied to protein purification. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[108]  F. J. Weirether,et al.  Rapid quantitative serological assay of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. , 1966, Applied microbiology.

[109]  Seonghwan Lee,et al.  Aptamers and Their Biological Applications , 2012, Sensors.

[110]  A. I. Imani Fooladi,et al.  Texosome-anchored superantigen triggers apoptosis in original ovarian cancer cells , 2014, Medical Oncology.

[111]  Chih-Ming Ho,et al.  Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for Botulinum neurotoxin , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[112]  B. Sullenger,et al.  Crystal structure of an RNA aptamer bound to thrombin. , 2008, RNA.

[113]  Evelyn Camon,et al.  The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database , 2000, Nucleic Acids Res..

[114]  W. Tan,et al.  Assembly of aptamer conjugates as molecular tools in therapeutics , 2009 .

[115]  Michel Dumontier,et al.  Aptamer base: a collaborative knowledge base to describe aptamers and SELEX experiments , 2012, Database J. Biol. Databases Curation.

[116]  J. T. Peeler,et al.  Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B: Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay , 1971, Applied microbiology.

[117]  Jeong-O Lee,et al.  Aptamers as molecular recognition elements for electrical nanobiosensors , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[118]  Larry Gold,et al.  Dimensionality is the issue: use of photoaptamers in protein microarrays. , 2002, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[119]  H. Nakhasi,et al.  Development of an Aptamer-Based Concentration Method for the Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in Blood , 2012, PloS one.

[120]  Andrea L J Marschall,et al.  Targeting antibodies to the cytoplasm , 2011, mAbs.

[121]  Charles R Cantor,et al.  RNA visualization in live bacterial cells using fluorescent protein complementation , 2007, Nature Methods.

[122]  J. Kiel,et al.  Use of magnetic beads in selection and detection of biotoxin aptamers by electrochemiluminescence and enzymatic methods. , 2002, BioTechniques.

[123]  D. S. Coffey,et al.  Identification and characterization of nuclease-stabilized RNA molecules that bind human prostate cancer cells via the prostate-specific membrane antigen. , 2002, Cancer research.

[124]  J. Valdés,et al.  A rapid and sensitive magnetic bead-based immunoassay for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B for high-through put screening. , 2004, Molecular and cellular probes.

[125]  Young Keun Kim,et al.  A sensitive method to detect Escherichia coli based on immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR amplification of aptamers. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[126]  Nuo Duan,et al.  Selection, identification and application of a DNA aptamer against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A , 2014 .

[127]  Robert Langer,et al.  Quantum dot-aptamer conjugates for synchronous cancer imaging, therapy, and sensing of drug delivery based on bi-fluorescence resonance energy transfer. , 2007, Nano letters.

[128]  F. Luo,et al.  Aptamer from whole-bacterium SELEX as new therapeutic reagent against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. , 2007, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[129]  K. Wong,et al.  Availability of antidotes for the treatment of acute poisoning in Queensland public hospitals. , 2010, The Australian journal of rural health.

[130]  Hideaki Sugawara,et al.  DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) for genome scale research in life science , 2002, Nucleic Acids Res..

[131]  E. Southern,et al.  Oligonucleotide hybridizations on glass supports: a novel linker for oligonucleotide synthesis and hybridization properties of oligonucleotides synthesised in situ. , 1992, Nucleic acids research.

[132]  Frances S. Ligler,et al.  Biosensor Detection of Botulinum Toxoid A and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food , 2005, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[133]  R. Angelotti,et al.  QUANTITATIVE DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B IN FOOD BY GEL-DIFFUSION METHODS. , 1963, Public health reports.

[134]  Nuo Duan,et al.  Selection and characterization of DNA aptamers against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C1. , 2015, Food chemistry.

[135]  Lianghai Hu,et al.  Aptamer in bioanalytical applications. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[136]  S. Klußmann,et al.  A DNA Spiegelmer to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. , 2003, Nucleic acids research.

[137]  Weihong Tan,et al.  DNA aptamer-mediated cell targeting. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[138]  Tomoyuki N. Tanaka,et al.  Development of a routine laboratory direct detection system of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. , 2006, Journal of medical microbiology.

[139]  Steven A Soper,et al.  Designing highly specific biosensing surfaces using aptamer monolayers on gold. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[140]  X. Lan,et al.  Neutralization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B by an Aptamer Antagonist , 2015, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[141]  C. Hamula,et al.  Selection and analytical applications of aptamers binding microbial pathogens , 2011, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry.

[142]  R. Kanwar,et al.  Chimeric aptamers in cancer cell-targeted drug delivery , 2011, Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology.

[143]  E. Alocilja,et al.  Aptasensors for detection of microbial and viral pathogens , 2008, Biosensors and Bioelectronics.

[144]  P. Burgstaller,et al.  RNA aptamers that bind L-arginine with sub-micromolar dissociation constants and high enantioselectivity. , 1996, Nucleic acids research.

[145]  Y. Aoyama,et al.  In vitro selection of RNA aptamer against Escherichia coli release factor 1. , 2007, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[146]  M. Aitichou,et al.  Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A and B genes with PCR-EIA and a hand-held electrochemical sensor. , 2004, Molecular and cellular probes.

[147]  Koichi Abe,et al.  Selection of DNA aptamer against prostate specific antigen using a genetic algorithm and application to sensing. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[148]  A. Rein,et al.  RNA Aptamers Directed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Polyprotein Bind to the Matrix and Nucleocapsid Domains and Inhibit Virus Production , 2010, Journal of Virology.

[149]  W. Tan,et al.  Selection of an Aptamer Antidote to the Anticoagulant Drug Bivalirudin , 2013, PloS one.

[150]  Mario di Bernardo,et al.  Design and Construction of a Versatile Synthetic Network for Bistable Gene Expression in Mammalian Systems , 2011, J. Comput. Biol..

[151]  Nieng Yan,et al.  RNA Aptamers Targeting the Cell Death Inhibitor CED-9 Induce Cell Killing in Caenorhabditis elegans* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[152]  Dong-Eun Kim,et al.  Isolation of inhibitory RNA aptamers against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus NTPase/Helicase , 2007, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.

[153]  Mark A Behlke,et al.  In vivo SELEX for Identification of Brain-penetrating Aptamers , 2013, Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids.