New Kind of Science

A New Kind of Science is a seminal work on simple programs by Stephen Wolfram. In 1980, Wolfram's studies found unexpected behavior in a collection of simple computer experiments. From these, he developed a methodology for tackling fundamental problems in science, from the origins of apparent randomness in physical systems, the development of complexity in biology, the ultimate scope and limitations of mathematics, the possibility of a fundamental theory of physics, the interplay between...