Production of a mutagen from ponceau 3R by a human intestinal anaerobe

Ponceau 3R was reduced in vitro by Fusobacterium sp. 2, a human intestinal anaerobe, to a product which is mutagenic when metabolically activated by liver S9 preparations in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. This mutagenic metabolite has been identified as 2,4,5-trimethylaniline.

[1]  K. Chung,et al.  Reduction of azo dyes by intestinal anaerobes , 1978, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[2]  B. Ames,et al.  Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals. , 1975, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  M. W. Slein,et al.  Tryptophanase of fecal flora as a possible factor in the etiology of colon cancer. , 1975, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[4]  B. Ames,et al.  Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. , 1973, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  A. A. Nelson,et al.  The toxicity and metabolism of mesidine and pseudocumidine in rats. , 1969, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[6]  Lillian V. Holdeman,et al.  Anaerobe Laboratory manual , 1977 .

[7]  A. J. Ryan,et al.  Enzymatic reduction of tartrazine by Proteus vulgaris from rats. , 1967, Food and cosmetics toxicology.