The intensity of motivation.

INTRODUCTION 109 POTENTIAL MOTIVATION AND MOTIVATIONAL ROUSAL 110 Potential Motivation 110 Motivational Arousal 111 EVIDENCE ON THE JOINT EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL MOTIVATION AND IFFICULTY 111 Effects on Cardiovascular Reactivity 111 Intended Effort 1 ! 6 Behavioral Effects 117 Subjective Appraisals of Motivational Factors 121 CONCLUSIONS 129 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 129

[1]  R. G. Green.  Social motivation. , 1991, Annual review of psychology.

[2]  B. Bushman,et al.  Cardiovascular Responses to Threat: Effects of the Difficulty and Availability of a Cognitive Avoidant Task , 1989 .

[3]  J. Brehm,et al.  Energization and goal attractiveness. , 1989 .

[4]  R. Wright,et al.  Difficulty and Effectiveness of Avoidance Behavior as Determinants of Evaluations of a Potential Aversive Outcome , 1988 .

[5]  P. M. Biner.  Effects of difficulty and goal value on goal valence , 1987 .

[6]  J. Brehm,et al.  Effort Expenditure Following Failure , 1987 .

[7]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  Prosocial Motivation: Is it ever Truly Altruistic? , 1987 .

[8]  R. Wright,et al.  Task difficulty, cardiovascular response, and the magnitude of goal valence. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[9]  Task performance and magnitude of goal valence , 1985 .

[10]  Paul M. Biner,et al.  Incidental learning as a function of anticipated task difficulty , 1985 .

[11]  Heinz Heckhausen,et al.  Achievement motivation in perspective , 1985 .

[12]  J. Brehm,et al.  Difficulty and interpersonal attraction , 1984 .

[13]  R. Wright,et al.  Task difficulty, type A behavior pattern, and cardiovascular response. , 1984, Psychophysiology.

[14]  J. Brehm,et al.  The impact of task difficulty upon perceptions of arousal and goal attractiveness in an avoidance paradigm , 1984 .

[15]  R. Wright,et al.  Motivation, anxiety, and the difficulty of avoidant control. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  Curtin Ll.  The Yerkes-Dodson law. , 1984 .

[17]  J. Furedy,et al.  Phasic T-wave amplitude and heart rate changes as indices of mental effort and task incentive. , 1984, Psychophysiology.

[18]  J. Fultz.  Guilt-avoidance versus altruistic motivation as mediators of the empathy-helping relationship , 1984 .

[19]  Walter Mischel,et al.  The Development of Children’s Knowledge of Self-Control Strategies , 1983 .

[20]  P. Obrist,et al.  Task difficulty, heart rate reactivity, and cardiovascular responses to an appetitive reaction time task. , 1983, Psychophysiology.

[21]  Linda Silka,et al.  Perceived difficulty, energization, and the magnitude of goal valence ☆ , 1983 .

[22]  D. Tranel,et al.  The heart beats to reward: the effect of monetary incentive on heart rate. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[23]  D. Tranel,et al.  Magnitude of incentive effects on heart rate. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[24]  M. Eysenck,et al.  Attention and Arousal , 1982 .

[25]  J. Mowen,et al.  Joint effects of assigned goal level and incentive structure on task performance: A laboratory study. , 1981 .

[26]  H. Gerard,et al.  Postdecision evaluation of choice alternatives as a function of valence of alternatives, choice, and expected delay of choice consequences , 1981 .

[27]  Ronald J. Heslegrave,et al.  Sensitivities of HR and T-wave amplitude for detecting cognitive and anticipatory stress , 1979, Physiology & Behavior.

[28]  S. Manuck,et al.  Effects of coping on blood pressure responses to threat of aversive stimulation. , 1978, Psychophysiology.

[29]  R. Thayer,et al.  Factor Analytic and Reliability Studies on the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List , 1978, Psychological reports.

[30]  P. Obrist,et al.  The relationship among heart rate, caratid dP/dt, and blood pressure in humans as a function of the type of stress. , 1978, Psychophysiology.

[31]  H. Sigall,et al.  The effects of self-esteem and evaluator demandingness on effort expenditure. , 1977, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[32]  W. Meyer,et al.  Intended effort and informational value of task outcome. , 1977, Archiv fur Psychologie.

[33]  A. Kukla.  Performance as a function of resultant achievement motivation (perceived ability) and perceived difficulty , 1974 .

[34]  D. Kahneman.  Attention and Effort , 1973 .

[35]  A. Kukla,et al.  Foundations of an attributional theory of performance. , 1972 .

[36]  B. Houston,et al.  Control over stress, locus of control, and response to stress. , 1972, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[37]  M. Pallak.  Effects of Expected Shock and Relevant or Irrelevant Dissonance on Incidental Retention. , 1970 .

[38]  R. Elliott.  Tonic heart rate: experiments on the effects of collative variables lead to a hypothesis about its motivational significance. , 1969, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[39]  E. A. Locke.  Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives , 1968 .

[40]  H. Friedman,et al.  The preference of rats for a more difficult task , 1968 .

[41]  E. L. Wike,et al.  Runway Performance as a Function of Delayed Reinforcement and Delay-Box Confinement , 1968 .

[42]  E. L. Wike,et al.  Duration of Delay, Delay-Box Confinement, and Runway Performance , 1967, Psychological reports.

[43]  E. L. Wike,et al.  Delay Patterns, Delay-Box Confinement, and Instrumental Performance , 1967, Psychological reports.

[44]  M. Pallak,et al.  Dissonance arousal and task performance in an incidental verbal learning paradigm. , 1967, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[45]  R. Thayer,et al.  Measurement of Activation through Self-Report , 1967, Psychological reports.

[46]  L. Festinger.  A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , 1957 .

[47]  D. Mcclelland,et al.  The projective expression of needs; the effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on thematic apperception. , 1948, Journal of experimental psychology.

[48]  K. Lewin.  The conceptual representation and the measurement of psychological forces , 1939 .

[49]  R. Yerkes,et al.  The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit‐formation , 1908 .