Integrated Pest and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops

Viruses cause many important plant diseases and are responsible for yield and quality losses in crops in all parts of the world. No curative methods are available for infected plants and the main control strategies are cultural practices including prophylactic measures to prevent virus arrival, installation and spread into the crop or use genetic resistance to limit disease damage. Factors driving viral emergence include genetic variability of plant viruses, changes in agricultural practices, exchanges of plant material and new introduction or increase in the population of insect vectors in the environnent of the crops. In this review, we briefly describe the most important viruses emerging in economically important vegetable greenhouse crops including pepper, tomato and cucurbit species.

[1]  A. Gamliel,et al.  Involvement of Fluorescent Pseudomonads and Other Microorganisms in Increased Growth Response of Plants in Solarized Soils , 1991 .

[2]  L. Broadbent.  Methods of Recording Aphid Populations for Use in Research on Potato Virus Diseases , 1948 .

[3]  James W. Jones,et al.  Real-time greenhouse monitoring and control with an expert system , 1989 .

[4]  K. F. Harris,et al.  Vectors of Plant Pathogens , 1980 .

[5]  Wm. E. Souder,et al.  Management decision methods for managers of engineering and research , 1980 .

[6]  N. Wilding.  The Effect of Systemic Fungicides on the Aphid Pathogen, Cephalosporium aphidicola , 1972 .

[7]  A. Kawai.  Life Cycle and Population Dynamics of Thrips palmi KARNY , 1990 .

[8]  GREENHOUSE CLIMATE AND CROP RESPONSE , 1985 .

[9]  M. Dicke.  Local and Systemic Production of Volatile Herbivore-induced Terpenoids: Their Role in Plant-carnivore Mutualism , 1994 .

[10]  R. E. Fye,et al.  Portable Device to Remove Aphids and Eggs from Asparagus Ferns , 1983 .

[11]  G. E. Russell,et al.  Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance , 1979 .

[12]  J. Thresh.  Cropping Practices and Virus Spread , 1982 .

[13]  G. Kennedy,et al.  Methomyl Induced Outbreak of Liriomyza sativaeon Tomato , 1976 .

[14]  A. Ross.  Systemic acquired resistance induced by localized virus infections in plants. , 1961, Virology.

[15]  N. Scopes,et al.  Progress towards integrated pest control on year round chrysanthemums. , 1974 .

[16]  J. V. Lenteren.  Benefits and risks of introducing exotic macro-biological control agents into Europe. , 1997 .

[17]  N. Castilla,et al.  Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops Worldwide , 1995 .

[18]  C. Wearing.  EVALUATING THE IPM IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS , 1988 .

[19]  S. Hand.  The capture efficiency of the Dietrick vacuum insect net for aphids on grasses and cereals , 1986 .

[20]  R. M. Beresford,et al.  The influence of inoculum concentration, relative humidity, and temperature on infection of greenhouse tomatoes by Botrytis cinerea , 1996 .

[21]  J. Burdon,et al.  Pattern and patchiness in plant-pathogen interactions - causes and consequences , 1989 .

[22]  E. Tjamos.  CONTROL OF PYRENOCHAETA LYCOPERSICI BY COMBINED SOIL SOLARISATION AND LOW DOSE OF METHYL BROMIDE IN GREECE , 1984 .

[23]  Kenneth L. Goldsberry,et al.  ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CREATED BY PLASTIC GREENHOUSE COVERS , 1984 .

[24]  Alan Lavers,et al.  Pesticide application methods, 2nd Edn: by G. A. Matthews. ISBN 0-582-40905-5 (416 pp.; £17.99). London: Longman. 1992 , 1994 .

[25]  Y. Elad,et al.  Multiple fungicide resistance to benzimidazoles, dicarboximides and diethofencarb in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea in Israel , 1992 .

[26]  K. A. Gar.  Compatibility of pesticides. , 1980 .

[27]  N. Hussey,et al.  The Introduction of Natural Enemies for Pest Control in Glasshouses: Ecological Considerations , 1977 .

[28]  B. Rubin,et al.  Solar Heating of the Soil: Effect on Weed Control and on Soil-Incorporated Herbicides , 1983, Weed Science.

[29]  E. Pommer,et al.  Resistance of Botrytis cinerea Pers. to dicarboximide fungicides — a literature review , 1982 .

[30]  Xiusheng Yang.  Greenhouse micrometeorology and estimation of heat and water vapour fluxes , 1995 .

[31]  M. Berlinger,et al.  Integrated pest management of organically grown greenhouse tomatoes in Israel. , 1988 .

[32]  R. Milne.  Electron microscopy of tobacco mosaic virus in leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa. , 1966, Virology.

[33]  G. Iperti,et al.  COCCINELLIDS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) AND SYRPHIDS (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) AS PREDATORS OF APHIDS IN CEREAL CROPS: A COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS , 1987, The Canadian Entomologist.

[34]  P. Arús,et al.  PROGENY ANALYSIS OF CROSSES BETWEEN GENOTYPES RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. DIANTHI RACE 2. , 1992 .

[35]  Harry A. J. Hoitink,et al.  Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts , 1986 .

[36]  SAMPLING FOR ADULT COCCINELLIDS AND THEIR NUMERICAL RESPONSE TO STRAWBERRY APHIDS (COLEOPTERA:COCCINELLIDAE: HOMOPTERA:APHIDIDAE) , 1985 .

[37]  T. Short,et al.  CLIMATIC ADVANTAGES FOR GREENHOUSES LOCATED IN OHIO (U.S.A.), THE NETHERLANDS, AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA , 1989 .

[38]  D. Schoeneweiss.  Predisposition, Stress, and Plant Disease , 1975 .

[39]  M. Parrella,et al.  Integrated pest management (IPM) in field crops. , 1997 .

[40]  H. Emden.  World Crop Pests, Vol. 2. Aphids; their biology, natural enemies and control, PART B (Eds. A. K. Minks and P. Harrewijn). Elsevier, Amsterdam , 1989 .

[41]  J. Kelly.  Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers in Breeding for Major Gene Resistance to Plant Pathogens , 1995 .

[42]  M. Mansveld,et al.  The parasite host relationship between Encarsia formosa Gah. (Hym., Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). VIII. Comparison and evaluation of an , 2009 .

[43]  W. Jarvis,et al.  Control of fusarium foot and root rot of tomato by soil amendment with lettuce residues , 1981 .

[44]  G. Georghiou,et al.  Pesticide Resistance in Time and Space , 1983 .

[45]  R. Cannon,et al.  Assessment of methods for estimating the numbers of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Cereals , 1982 .

[46]  Brian A. Croft,et al.  Arthropod biological control agents and pesticides , 1990 .

[47]  J. Ristaino,et al.  Agriculture, Methyl Bromide, and the Ozone Hole: Can We Fill the Gaps? , 1997, Plant disease.

[48]  J. Addicott.  The population dynamics of aphids on fire weed: a comparison of local populations and metapopulations , 1978 .

[49]  Z. Avidov,et al.  Plant pests of Israel , 1969 .

[50]  R. Rabbinge,et al.  Biological control of greenhouse whitefly with the parasitoid Encarsia formosa on tomato: an individual-based simulation approach , 1997 .

[51]  A. Phillips.  The effects of soil solarization on sclerotial populations of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , 1990 .

[52]  B. Croft,et al.  Toxicities of azinphosmethyl and selected orchard pesticides to an aphid predator, Aphidoletes aphidimyza. , 1982 .

[53]  G. Iperti,et al.  SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF ADULT COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA L. IN WHEAT FIELDS , 1988, The Canadian Entomologist.

[54]  Pierce H. Jones,et al.  APPLYING EXPERT SYSTEMS CONCEPTS TO REAL-TIME GREENHOUSE CONTROLS , 1988 .

[55]  L. T. Evans,et al.  PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CARBON PARTITIONING, AND YIELD , 1981 .

[56]  Y. Cohen,et al.  Competition between metalaxyl-resistant and -sensitive strains of Pseudoperonospora cubensis on Cucumber plants , 1983 .

[57]  R. Howard,et al.  Diseases and pests of vegetable crops in Canada , 1994 .

[58]  L. Polgár,et al.  Results of the fourth joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS‐Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” , 1988 .

[59]  Elizabeth H. Beers,et al.  ECOLOGICAL SELECTIVITY: MODIFTIK CHEMICAL CONTROL PRACTICES TO PRESERVE NATURAL ENEMIES , 1985 .

[60]  J. G. Horskfall.  An Improved Grading System For Measuring Plant Diseases Vol-36 , 1945 .

[61]  S. Tuller,et al.  Greenhouse environment and epidemiology of grey mould of container-grown Douglas-fir seedlings , 1988 .

[62]  H. Epton,et al.  Effect of light on the growth and sporulation of Botrytis cinerea , 1973 .

[63]  J. Sanderson,et al.  Relative Toxicity of Abamectin to the Predatory Mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) , 1990 .

[64]  P. D. Wit.  Molecular characterization of gene-for-gene systems in plant-fungus interactions and the application of avirulence genes in control of plant pathogens. , 1992 .

[65]  A. Grinstein,et al.  THE TECHNOLOGY OF SOIL SOLARIZATION , 1989 .

[66]  D. Schuster,et al.  Vegetable Leafminer and Parasite Emergence from Tomato Foliage Sprayed with Oxamyl , 1979 .

[67]  A. Kawai.  Studies on population ecology of Thrips palmi Karny. X. Differences in population growth on various crops. , 1986 .

[68]  F. M. Shokes,et al.  Reliability of disease assessment procedures: a case study with late leafspot of peanut , 1987 .

[69]  W. R. Jarvis,et al.  Botryotinia and Botrytis species: taxonomy, physiology and pathogenicity - A guide to the literature , 1977 .

[70]  C. Panagopoulos,et al.  Use of soil solarization for controlling bacterial canker of tomato in plastic houses in Greece , 1995 .

[71]  David Pimentel,et al.  CRC handbook of pest management in agriculture , 1990 .

[72]  P. Jones,et al.  COUPLING EXPERT SYSTEMS AND MODELS FOR THE REAL-TIME CONTROL OF PLANT ENVIRONMENTS , 1989 .

[73]  J. Katan,et al.  Mechanisms of pathogen control in solarized soils. , 1991 .

[74]  J. Goudriaan.  Simulation of micrometeorology of crops, some methods and their problems, and a few results , 1989 .

[75]  D. Spencer,et al.  The Downy mildews , 1982 .

[76]  J. Anderson,et al.  ESTIMATING ABUNDANCE OF THE APHID APHIS EUGENIAE VAN DER GOOT ON GLOCHIDION FERDINANDI (MUELL. ARG.) (EUPHOR‐BIACEAE), USING A SUBJECTIVE AND A BIOMASS METHOD , 1981 .

[77]  Omar Shawish.  Thigmomorphogenesis and Predisposition of Hosts to Fusarium Wilt , 1982 .

[78]  T. Fukui,et al.  Solar Heating in Closed Plastic House for Control of Soilborne Diseases , 1982 .

[79]  Y. Matsumoto,et al.  Soil sterilization by solar heating against soil-borne diseases in a vinyl house. III. Influence of the treatment on the population level of soil microflora and on the behaviour of the strawberry yellows pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae. , 1980 .

[80]  Leon G. Higley,et al.  Economic Injury Levels in Theory and Practice , 1986 .

[81]  R. Slatyer.  Effects of Several Osmotic Substrates on the Water Relationships of Tomato , 1961 .

[82]  L. R. Taylor,et al.  Aggregation, Variance and the Mean , 1961, Nature.

[83]  Cecilia Stanghellini,et al.  A model of humidity and its applications in a greenhouse , 1995 .

[84]  L. Nunney,et al.  Toward Predictable Biological Control of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Infesting Greenhouse Cut Chrysanthemums , 1993 .

[85]  C. D. Mckeen.  METHYL BROMIDE AS A SOIL FUMIGANT FOR CONTROLLING SOIL-BORNE PATHOGENS AND CERTAIN OTHER ORGANISMS IN VEGETABLE SEEDBEDS , 1954 .

[86]  A. Garibaldi,et al.  ATTEMPTS TO USE SOIL SOLARIZATION IN CLOSED GLASSHOUSES IN NORTHERN ITALY FOR CONTROLLING CORKY ROOT OF TOMATO ( , 1984 .

[87]  L. C. Wright,et al.  Extraction from Foliage and Within-Plant Distribution for Sampling of Brachycolus asparagi (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Asparagus , 1983 .

[88]  G. A. Norton,et al.  Decision tools for pest management , 1993 .

[89]  P. Long,et al.  Sporulation of Botrytis cinerea in the dark , 1987 .

[90]  H. H. Flor.  The Complementary Genic Systems in Flax and Flax Rust , 1956 .

[91]  B. Bartlett.  Toxicity of Some Pesticides to Eggs, Larvae, and Adults of the Green Lacewing, Chrysopa carnea , 1964 .

[92]  P. H. Heinemann,et al.  A working description of the Penn State Apple Orchard Consultant, an expert system , 1992 .

[93]  R. Buonaurio,et al.  Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato race 1 in Italy on Pto Gene‐Bearing Tomato Plants , 1996 .

[94]  R. A. Johnson,et al.  Influence of steam/air mixtures, when used for heating soil, on biological and chemical properties that affect seedling growth , 1965 .

[95]  Y. Ben-yephet.  Control of sclerotia and apothecia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by metham-sodium, methyl bromide and soil solarization , 1988 .

[96]  E. Bååth.  Tolerance of copper by entomogenous fungi and the use of copper-amended media for isolation of entomogenous fungi from soil , 1991 .

[97]  C. Kepner,et al.  The New Rational Manager , 1981 .

[98]  H. Bathon.  Impact of Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Non-target Hosts , 1996 .

[99]  R. Karban,et al.  Induced Plant Responses to Herbivory , 1989 .

[100]  J. Ristaino,et al.  Effect of solarization and Gliocladium virens on sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii, soil microbiota, and the incidence of southern blight of tomato. , 1991 .

[101]  I. Crute.  Gene-for-Gene Recognition in Plant-Pathogen Interactions , 1994 .

[102]  A. Grinstein,et al.  Effectiveness of Soil Solarization in Furrow-Irrigated Egyptian Soils , 1988 .

[103]  A. E. Dimond,et al.  The U.C. System for Producing Healthy Container-Grown Plants , 1958 .

[104]  F. Bigler,et al.  Results of the third joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS‐Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” 1 , 1987 .

[105]  James A. Bethke,et al.  Screen hole size and barriers for exclusion of insect pests of glasshouse crops. , 1991 .

[106]  Thierry Boulard,et al.  ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE INVOLVED IN GREENHOUSE CLIMATE MANAGEMENT - APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF DAILY SETPOINTS FOR A TOMATO CROP , 1991 .

[107]  L. Hull,et al.  Sampling Schemes for Estimating Populations of the Apple Aphid, Aphis pomi (Homoptera: Aphididae), on Apple , 1983 .

[108]  F. Tognoni,et al.  THE GREENHOUSE IN HORTICULTURE - THE CONTRIBUTION OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH , 1989 .

[109]  S. Kyritsis,et al.  NEW DEVELOPEMENTS IN SHADING PLASTIC GREENHOUSES , 1978 .

[110]  N. Young,et al.  Genetic dissection of oligogenic resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato. , 1994, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[111]  N. Malathrakis,et al.  Brown root rot of tomato, and its control, in Crete , 1983 .

[112]  James J Stapleton,et al.  Thermal components of soil solarization as related to changes in soil and root microflora and increased plant growth response , 1984 .

[113]  R. Brumfield.  Greenhouse Cost Accounting: A Computer Program for Making Management Decisions , 1992 .

[114]  K. Hassall.  The chemistry of pesticides , 1982 .

[115]  C. Kittas,et al.  NATURAL VENTILATION OF A GREENHOUSE WITH RIDGE AND SIDE OPENINGS: SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE AND WIND EFFECTS , 1997 .

[116]  G. C. Marten,et al.  Economic injury levels and economic thresholds for pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on alfalfa , 1982 .

[117]  R. Boll,et al.  Projection pursuit nonparametric regression used for predicting insect densities from visual abundance classes , 1997 .

[118]  J. Andrews.  Biological control in the phyllosphere. , 1992, Annual review of phytopathology.

[119]  W. Brown.  On the Germination and Growth of Fungi at various Temperatures and in various Concentrations of Oxygen and of Carbon Dioxide , 1922 .

[120]  Laurence V. Madden,et al.  Introduction to Plant Disease Epidemiology , 1990 .

[121]  Risto Tahvonen,et al.  The suppressiveness of Finnish light coloured Sphagnum peat , 1982 .

[122]  C. Español,et al.  Interactions in the pepper‐Phytophthora capsici system , 1995 .

[123]  T. Hartz,et al.  Use of soil solarization to control fusarium wilt of watermelon , 1986 .

[124]  A. Engelhard,et al.  Management of fusarium wilt of vegetables and ornamentals by macro- and microelement nutrition , 1989 .

[125]  H. V. Roermund,et al.  Simulation of the whitefly- Encarsia formosa interaction, based on foraging behaviour of individual parasitoids. (Abstract 10-200) , 1996 .

[126]  J. Zadoks,et al.  Epidemiology and plant disease management , 1979 .

[127]  M. Bieri,et al.  Sampling Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris in pea fields. , 1983 .

[128]  M. Gullino,et al.  Fungicide resistance monitoring as an aid to tomato grey mould management. , 1986 .

[129]  S. Pennypacker,et al.  Influence of grower activity and disease incidence on concentrations of airborne conidia of Botrytis cinerea among geranium stock plants , 1991 .

[130]  D. Shtienberg,et al.  Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical, cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration , 1995 .

[131]  B. Ekbom.  Some aspects of the population dynamics of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa and their importance for biological control. , 1980 .

[132]  A. Svircev,et al.  Sensitivity of Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina to carbon dioxide, compared to that of Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus niger , 1984 .

[133]  D. Shtienberg,et al.  Epidemiology of grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea in vegetable greenhouses. , 1992 .

[134]  P. Merriman,et al.  Evaluation of soil solarization for control of root diseases of row crops in Victoria , 1985 .

[135]  P. Brimblecombe,et al.  Dew and guttation: formation and environmental significance , 1994 .

[136]  N. Hussey,et al.  The pests of protected cultivation;: The biology and control of glasshouse and mushroom pests , 1969 .

[137]  B. J. Bailey,et al.  Prediction of Condensation on Tomatoes , 1995 .

[138]  C. Panagopoulos,et al.  EFFECTIVENESS, MODES OF ACTION AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF SOIL SOLARIZATION FOR CONTROL OF CLAVIBACTER MICHIGANENSIS SUBSP. MICHIGANENSIS OF TOMATOES , 1995 .

[139]  L. Lapchin,et al.  Echantillonnage des populations aphidiennes en vergers de pêchers. Comparaison de la précision de deux méthodes à l'aide de modèles de simulation d'échantillonnage , 1985 .

[140]  J. Katan.  Solar Heating (Solarization) of Soil for Control of Soilborne Pests , 1981 .

[141]  H. Koponen,et al.  The effect of disinfectants on fungal diseases of cucumber , 1993 .

[142]  G. Martin,et al.  Initiation of Plant Disease Resistance by Physical Interaction of AvrPto and Pto Kinase , 1996, Science.

[143]  B. A. Croft,et al.  Natural Enemy Resistance to Pesticides: Documentation, Characterization, Theory and Application , 1983 .

[144]  J. Logan.  Toward an Expert System for Development of Pest Simulation Models , 1988 .

[145]  D. Vakalounakis,et al.  Control of early blight of greenhouse, tomato, caused by Alternaria solani, by inhibiting sporulation with ultraviolet-absorbing vinyl film , 1991 .

[146]  J. Sanderson,et al.  Potential for Integration of Biological and Chemical Control of Greenhouse Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Using Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Abamectin , 1994 .

[147]  J. Sutton,et al.  Effects of wetness duration, temperature, and light on infection of black spruce seedlings by Botrytiscinerea , 1994 .

[148]  N. Elliott,et al.  Cereal Aphid Populations in Winter Wheat: Spatial Distributions and Sampling with Fixed Levels of Precision , 1986 .

[149]  M. Stolz,et al.  Investigations on the effect of insect growth regulators and inhibitors on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis A. H. with particular emphasis on cyromazine , 1993 .

[150]  V.W.L. Jordan,et al.  The effects of glass cloche and coloured polyethylene tunnels on microclimate, growth, yield and disease severity of strawberry plants , 1972 .

[151]  M. Kaufmann,et al.  Evaluation of water stress control with polyethylene glycols by analysis of guttation. , 1971, Plant physiology.

[152]  E. Tjamos,et al.  Low cost application of soil solarization in covered plastic houses for the control of Verticillium wilt of tomatoes in Greece. , 1989 .

[153]  J. Katan,et al.  Induced suppressiveness in solarized soils , 1987 .

[154]  M. Ebben.  The epidemiology of tomato brown root rot , 1966 .

[155]  T. Jewett,et al.  Managing The Greenhouse, Crop and Crop Environment , 1999 .

[156]  R. Kitney,et al.  Biological Control , 1973, Nature.

[157]  N. Hussey,et al.  Biological Pest Control: The Glasshouse Experience , 1985 .

[158]  M. Weiss,et al.  The Development of a Sampling Plan on the Spatial Distribution of the Green Peach Aphid on Sugarbeets , 1979 .

[159]  C. Banks.  A Method for estimating Populations and counting large Numbers of Aphis fabae Scop , 1954 .

[160]  D. Shtienberg,et al.  Incorporation of Weather Forecasting in Integrated, Biological-Chemical Management of Botrytis cinerea. , 1997, Phytopathology.

[161]  X. Xu,et al.  Restriction fragment length polymorphism in rice. , 1990 .

[162]  H. Oliveira.  Evaluation of Soil Solarization for the Control of Fusarium Wilt of Tomato , 1992 .

[163]  P. H. Gregory.  Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control, J.E. van der Plank. Academic Press, New York and London (1963), xvi, + 349. Price £4 , 1965 .

[164]  B. Harrison,et al.  Serological studies on the accumulation and localisation of three tomato leaf curl geminiviruses in resistant and susceptible Lycopersicon species and tomato cultivars , 1996 .

[165]  T. H. Short,et al.  Computer control of a five-stage greenhouse shading system. , 1992 .

[166]  C. A. Shull.  RATE OF ADJUSTMENT OF LEAF TEMPERATURE TO INCIDENT ENERGY. , 1936, Plant physiology.

[167]  R. Grange,et al.  A review of the effects of atmospheric humidity on the growth of horticultural crops , 1987 .

[168]  James L Walworth,et al.  Diagnosis of Mineral Disorders in Plants , 1987 .

[169]  V. Lenteren.  Implementation and commercialization of biological control in west Europe. , 1990 .

[170]  J. C. Lenteren,et al.  Host selection and survival of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in the presence of hosts infected with the fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis , 1993 .

[171]  N. D. Clarke,et al.  Integrated management of greenhouse crops-a conceptual and potentially practical model , 1994 .

[172]  A. Grinstein,et al.  Solar Heating by Polyethylene Mulching for the Control of Diseases Caused by Soil-Borne Pathogens , 1976 .

[173]  J. C. Lenteren,et al.  Biological and Integrated Pest control in Greenhouses , 1988 .

[174]  James G. Horsfall,et al.  Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise , 1978 .

[175]  S. Tuller,et al.  The solar radiation environment of greenhouse-grown douglas-fir seedlings , 1988 .

[176]  M. L. Bates.  Root Rot of Hydroponically Grown Spinach Caused byPythium aphanidermatumandP. dissotocum , 1984 .

[177]  S. Isaac.  Fungal-plant interactions , 1991 .

[178]  E. Bashi,et al.  Host and Environmental Influences on Sporulation In Vivo , 1978 .

[179]  L. Middleton,et al.  THE USE OF DAZOMET VIA THE 'PLANTING THROUGH' TECHNIQUE IN HORTICULTURAL CROPS , 1995 .

[180]  R. K. Stewart,et al.  Sequential sampling for cereal aphids on barley in southwestern Quebec. , 1980 .

[181]  Ralph H. Sprague,et al.  Decision support systems: Putting theory into practice , 1986 .

[182]  D. Gerling.  Whiteflies: their bionomics, pest status and management. , 1990 .

[183]  W. Jarvis.  Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops , 1992 .

[184]  G. Bollen.  Lethal temperatures of soil fungi , 1985 .

[185]  K. Reddy,et al.  Effect of endosulfan on the mealybug parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii How. , 1993 .

[186]  B. Ekbom.  Spatial Distribution of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Spring Cereals in Sweden and its Importance for Sampling , 1985 .

[187]  J. A. Quinn.  Effects of Temperature, Light, and Relative Humidity on Powdery Mildew of Begonia , 1982 .

[188]  Henry Montgomery,et al.  Decision Rules and the Search for a Dominance Structure: Towards a Process Model of Decision Making* , 1983 .

[189]  T. Gillespie,et al.  Influence of temperature and water vapor pressure deficit on survival of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) , 1993 .

[190]  Amots Hetzroni,et al.  The border effect of soil solarization , 1995 .

[191]  M. Steiner.  Determining Population Characteristics and Sampling Procedures for the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the Predatory Mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Greenhouse Cucumber , 1990 .

[192]  P. Roggero,et al.  Effects of Salicylate on Systemic Invasion of Tobacco Plants by Various Viruses , 1988 .

[193]  D. L. Strider,et al.  Botrytis blight of Exacum affine and its control , 1984 .

[194]  A. Engelhard,et al.  Soilborne Plant Pathogens: Management of Diseases with Macro- and Microelements , 1990 .

[195]  C. Stanghellini.  Microclimate and transpiration of greenhouse crops , 1988 .

[196]  B. Ekbom.  Incidence Counts for Estimating Densities of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) , 1987 .

[197]  D. Savile,et al.  Fungal Spores: Their Liberation and Dispersal , 1973 .

[198]  C. N. Law,et al.  Genetic control of durable resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) in the wheat cultivar Hybride de Bersee. , 1975 .

[199]  R. Reuveni,et al.  Sporulation of Botrytis cinerea as affected by photoselective polyethylene sheets and filters , 1989 .

[200]  G. Georghiou.  Management of Resistance in Arthropods , 1983 .

[201]  G. Boland,et al.  Integrated pest management of disease and arthropod pests of greenhouse vegetable crops in Ontario: Current status and future possibilities , 1991 .

[202]  B. Croft,et al.  Pesticide side-effects on arthropod natural enemies: A database summary , 1988 .

[203]  B. J. Bailey,et al.  A Wetness Sensor for Detecting Condensation on Tomato Plants in Greenhouses , 1995 .

[204]  L. Brussaard,et al.  Relationships of soil microarthropod biomass with organic matter and pore size distribution in soils under different land use , 1998 .

[205]  W. Cranshaw,et al.  Compatibility of Three Entomogenous Nematodes (Rhabditida) in Aqueous Solutions of Pesticides Used in Turfgrass Maintenance , 1990 .

[206]  G. Nachman.  An acarine predator‐prey metapopulation system inhabiting greenhouse cucumbers , 1991 .