Optimization of the Design of High Power $\hbox{Er}^{3+}/\hbox{Yb}^{3+}$-Codoped Fiber Amplifiers for Space Missions by Means of Particle Swarm Approach

In this paper, the optimization of the design of rare earth-doped cladding-pumped fiber amplifiers is investigated to improve their performance with respect to the constraints associated with space missions. This work is carried out by means of a computer code based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and rate equation model. We consider a fiber that is radiation tolerant at the space dose levels, and we characterize the radiation response of the amplifier based on it. By simulations, we study how the design of the radiation-tolerant double-cladding Er3+/Yb3+-codoped fiber amplifiers (EYDFAs) can improve the global system response in space. The rate equations model includes the first and secondary energy transfer between Yb3+ and Er3+, the amplified spontaneous emission and the most relevant upconversion and cross relaxation mechanism among the Er3+ ions. The obtained results highlight that the developed PSO algorithm is an efficient and reliable tool to perform the recovering of the most relevant spectroscopic parameters and the optimum design of this kind of devices. These results demonstrated that the performance of high power optical amplifiers can be optimized through such a coupled approach, opening the way for the design of radiation-hardened devices for the most challenging future space missions.

[1]  S. Foster,et al.  In Defence of the McCumber Relation for Erbium-Doped Silica and Other Laser Glasses , 2009, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[2]  S. Selleri,et al.  Thermal Effects on the Single-Mode Regime of Distributed Modal Filtering Rod Fiber , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[3]  F. Vacca,et al.  Refinement and design of rare earth doped photonic crystal fibre amplifier using an ANN approach , 2011 .

[4]  Lili Hu,et al.  Determination of energy transfer and upconversionconstants for Yb3+/Er3+ codoped phosphate glass , 2010 .

[5]  S. Selleri,et al.  Single-Mode Design Guidelines for 19-Cell Double-Cladding Photonic Crystal Fibers , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[6]  Jing Ma,et al.  Experimental investigation of radiation effect on erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier for space optical communication in low-dose radiation environment. , 2009, Optics express.

[7]  Mikhael Myara,et al.  Theoretical explanation of enhanced low dose rate sensitivity in erbium-doped optical fibers. , 2012, Applied optics.

[8]  S. Iraj Najafi,et al.  Yb3+-sensitized Er3+-doped waveguide amplifiers: a theoretical approach , 1998, Photonics West.

[9]  S. Girard,et al.  Radiation hardening techniques for Er/Yb doped optical fibers and amplifiers for space application. , 2012, Optics express.

[10]  M. Gaillardin,et al.  Design of Radiation-Hardened Rare-Earth Doped Amplifiers Through a Coupled Experiment/Simulation Approach , 2013, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[11]  Francesco Prudenzano,et al.  A neural network model of erbium-doped photonic crystal fibre amplifiers , 2009 .

[12]  Giuseppe Acciani,et al.  Particle swarm optimization for the design and characterization of silica-based photonic crystal fiber amplifiers , 2011 .

[13]  F. Berghmans,et al.  Radiation Sensitivity of EDFAs Based on Highly Er-Doped Fibers , 2009, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[14]  G Fornarelli,et al.  Particle swarm optimization-based approach for accurate evaluation of upconversion parameters in Er3+-doped fibers. , 2011, Optics letters.

[15]  Roland Martin,et al.  Experimental evidence of the validity of the McCumber theory relating emission and absorption for rare-earth glasses , 2006 .

[16]  R. Holzner,et al.  Fiber amplifiers for coherent space communication , 2001 .

[17]  A. Kudlinski,et al.  Transient radiation-induced effects on solid core microstructured optical fibers. , 2011, Optics express.

[18]  S. Safavi-Naeini,et al.  Yb3+sensitized Er3+-doped waveguide amplifiers: a theoretical approach , 1998 .

[19]  T. Alkeskjold,et al.  Estimating modal instability threshold for photonic crystal rod fiber amplifiers. , 2013, Optics express.

[20]  S. Girard,et al.  Radiation Effects on Silica-Based Optical Fibers: Recent Advances and Future Challenges , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[21]  F.. Prudenzano,et al.  Optimization and Characterization of Rare-Earth-Doped Photonic-Crystal-Fiber Amplifier Using Genetic Algorithm , 2007, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[22]  W. D. Mack,et al.  Secondary energy transfer and non-participatory Yb/sup 3+/ ions in high-power Er/sup 3+/-Yb/sup 3+/ amplifier fibers , 2004, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2004. (CLEO)..