Signature alignment based on GMM for on-line signature verification

On-line handwritten signatures are collected as real-time dynamical signals, which are written on collective devices by users. Since writing environments are always changed, fluctuations can be caused by signature size, location and rotation angle which being various at each inputting. Signatures should be effectively aligned before verification, which can diminish deviations caused by these fluctuations. In this study, we propose a method of signature alignment based on Gaussian Mixture Model to obtain the best matching. In verification, a modified dynamic time warping with signature curve constraint is presented to improve the efficiency. Weight factors are dynamically assigned to features, which depend on coefficient of variation, to improve the robustness. Several experiments are implemente.d on the open access on-line signature databases MCYT and SVC2004 Task2. The best performances can be provided with equal error rates 2.15% and 2.63%, respectively. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed method. Signatures are aligned well to reference template based on Gaussian Mixture Model before verification.Efficiency of verification is improved by modified dynamic time warping with signature curve constraint.Distance probability is presented to describe the dissimilarity between test signatures and references.A strategy of dynamic weight factors being assigned to features depend on coefficient of variation.

[1]  Berrin A. Yanikoglu,et al.  Identity authentication using improved online signature verification method , 2005, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[2]  Toby Berger,et al.  Reliable On-Line Human Signature Verification Systems , 1996, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[3]  Radu Horaud,et al.  Rigid and Articulated Point Registration with Expectation Conditional Maximization , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[4]  Andriy Myronenko,et al.  Point Set Registration: Coherent Point Drift , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[5]  David S. Doermann,et al.  Robust point matching for nonrigid shapes by preserving local neighborhood structures , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[6]  Ho-Sub Yoon,et al.  Using geometric extrema for segment-to-segment characteristics comparison in online signature verification , 2004, Pattern Recognit..

[7]  Bernhard Sick,et al.  Online Signature Verification With Support Vector Machines Based on LCSS Kernel Functions , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[8]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation System Design Using Tapered Pipes for Pressure Loss Adjusting , 2012 .

[9]  Miguel Angel Ferrer-Ballester,et al.  Robust score normalization for DTW-based on-line signature verification , 2015, 2015 13th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR).

[10]  Hong Chang,et al.  SVC2004: First International Signature Verification Competition , 2004, ICBA.

[11]  G. K. Gupta,et al.  Using position extrema points to capture shape in on-line handwritten signature verification , 2007, Pattern Recognit..

[12]  Pitak Thumwarin,et al.  FIR signature verification system characterizing dynamics of handwriting features , 2013, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[13]  William Turin,et al.  On‐line handwritten signature verification using stroke direction coding , 1996 .

[14]  Endra,et al.  Online Signature Verification on Mobile Devices , 2015 .

[15]  Sethu Vijayakumar,et al.  A Probabilistic Approach to Robust Shape Matching , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Image Processing.

[16]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  On-line signature verification, , 2002, Pattern Recognit..

[17]  Inma Hernáez,et al.  Searching for an Optimal Reference System for On-Line Signature Verification Based on (x, y) Alignment , 2004, ICBA.

[18]  Vincent Lepetit,et al.  Pose Priors for Simultaneously Solving Alignment and Correspondence , 2008, ECCV.

[19]  Juan J. Igarza,et al.  MCYT baseline corpus: a bimodal biometric database , 2003 .

[20]  Andrew Beng Jin Teoh,et al.  Score level fusion approach in dynamic signature verification based on hybrid wavelet-Fourier transform , 2014, Secur. Commun. Networks.

[21]  M. Valipour.  Comparison of Surface Irrigation Simulation Models: Full Hydrodynamic, Zero Inertia, Kinematic Wave , 2012 .

[22]  ImpedovoD.,et al.  Automatic Signature Verification , 2008 .

[23]  Mohammad Valipour,et al.  Simulation of open- and closed-end border irrigation systems using SIRMOD , 2015 .

[24]  Sargur N. Srihari,et al.  On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey , 2000, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[25]  M. Fathy,et al.  Online signature verification based on feature representation , 2015, 2015 The International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Signal Processing (AISP).

[26]  Kai Li,et al.  The algorithm of online handwritten signature verification based on improved DTW , 2010, Int. J. Model. Identif. Control..

[27]  Loris Nanni,et al.  An On-Line Signature Verification System Based on Fusion of Local and Global Information , 2005, AVBPA.

[28]  Andrew W. Fitzgibbon.  Robust registration of 2D and 3D point sets , 2003, Image Vis. Comput..

[29]  Marcos Faúndez-Zanuy,et al.  On-line signature recognition based on VQ-DTW , 2007, Pattern Recognit..

[30]  Juan Carlos Gómez,et al.  Legendre polynomials based feature extraction for online signature verification. Consistency analysis of feature combinations , 2014, Pattern Recognit..

[31]  Daw-Tung Lin,et al.  On-line Handwritten Signature Verification Using Hidden Semi-Markov Model , 2011, HCI.

[32]  Shuzlina Abdul Rahman,et al.  Online slant signature algorithm analysis , 2009 .

[33]  Carlos Vivaracho-Pascual,et al.  An efficient low cost approach for on-line signature recognition based on length normalization and fractional distances , 2009, Pattern Recognit..

[34]  Lihua Yang,et al.  Online Signature Verification Based on DCT and Sparse Representation , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.

[35]  Marcos Faúndez-Zanuy,et al.  Fast on-line signature recognition based on VQ with time modeling , 2011, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell..

[36]  Loris Nanni,et al.  A novel local on-line signature verification system , 2008, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[37]  Abdullah I. Al-Shoshan,et al.  Handwritten Signature Verification Using Image Invariants and Dynamic Features , 2006, International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation (CGIV'06).

[38]  Suresh Sundaram,et al.  An enhanced contextual DTW based system for online signature verification using Vector Quantization , 2016, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[39]  Bernadette Dorizzi,et al.  On line signature verification: Fusion of a Hidden Markov Model and a neural network via a support vector machine , 2002, Proceedings Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition.

[40]  Julian Fiérrez,et al.  HMM-based on-line signature verification: Feature extraction and signature modeling , 2007, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[41]  Jon Sánchez,et al.  Online Handwritten Signature Verification Using Hidden Markov Models , 2003, CIARP.

[42]  M. Valipour.  Optimization of neural networks for precipitation analysis in a humid region to detect drought and wet year alarms , 2016 .

[43]  Enrique Cantó,et al.  Embedded System for Biometric Online Signature Verification , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[44]  Pietro Perona,et al.  Continuous dynamic time warping for translation-invariant curve alignment with applications to signature verification , 1999, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision.

[45]  Farzad Towhidkhah,et al.  Local Features Analysis of On-Line Signature Using Modified Distance of DTW , 2015 .

[46]  Maged M.M. Fahmy,et al.  Online handwritten signature verification system based on DWT features extraction and neural network classification , 2010 .

[47]  H. N. Prakash,et al.  Online Signature Verification and Recognition: An Approach Based on Symbolic Representation , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[48]  Baba C. Vemuri,et al.  Robust Point Set Registration Using Gaussian Mixture Models , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[49]  Wang Li,et al.  Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide , 2015 .

[50]  M. L. Molina,et al.  Verification of the authenticity of handwritten signature using structure neural-network-type OCON , 2004, Iberoamerican Meeting of Optics and the Latin American Meeting of Optics, Lasers and Their Applications.

[51]  Hong Yan,et al.  Stability and style-variation modeling for on-line signature verification , 2003, Pattern Recognit..

[52]  Marcin Zalasinski,et al.  On-line signature verification using vertical signature partitioning , 2014, Expert Syst. Appl..

[53]  Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi,et al.  Surface irrigation simulation models: a review , 2015 .

[54]  Giuseppe Pirlo,et al.  Automatic Signature Verification: The State of the Art , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[55]  Paul J. Besl,et al.  A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes , 1992, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..