Intrinsic sensitivity of Cd1-xZnxTe semiconductors for digital radiographic imaging

The intrinsic sensitivity of cadmium zinc telluride (Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te) semiconductor detectors has been experimentally measured, within the X-ray diagnostic energy range. The results of this study indicate that the intrinsic efficiency of Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te can be increased by optimizing geometrical and physical detection parameters such as X-ray irradiation geometry, detector thickness, and applied electric field. These results indicate that Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te is a suitable candidate for digital imaging applications.

[1]  F A DiBianca,et al.  Kinestatic charge detection. , 1985, Medical physics.

[2]  Frank A. DiBianca,et al.  Progress On Strip Beam Digital Radiography Using The Kinestatic Charge Detector , 1987, Medical Imaging.

[3]  Tetsuro Ohtsuchi,et al.  Fabrication and Characteristics of a Submillimeter Detector Element Formed on a CdTe Single-Crystal Wafer as a Multichannel Detector Array Applicable to Diagnostic Imaging with Energy Information , 1993 .

[4]  C A Kelsey,et al.  Effect of size and position on chest lesion detection. , 1977, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[5]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Novel hybrid imaging modalities , 1997, Medical Imaging.

[6]  H L Kundel,et al.  Nodule detection with and without a chest image. , 1985, Investigative radiology.

[7]  A Fenster,et al.  Dual-energy mammography: initial experimental results. , 1985, Medical physics.

[8]  H. Blume,et al.  DQE(f) of four generations of computed radiography acquisition devices. , 1995, Medical physics.

[9]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Electric Field Dependence on Charge Collection of CdZnTe X-Ray Detectors , 1997 .

[10]  E. Sickles.  Breast calcifications: mammographic evaluation. , 1986, Radiology.

[11]  K Doi,et al.  Comparison of two methods for accurate measurement of modulation transfer functions of screen-film systems. , 1995, Medical physics.

[12]  R Birch,et al.  Computation of bremsstrahlung X-ray spectra and comparison with spectra measured with a Ge(Li) detector. , 1979, Physics in medicine and biology.

[13]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Engineering aspects of a kinestatic charge detector. , 1995 .

[14]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Clinical applications of a dual-energy KCD , 1994, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[15]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Novel multimedia detectors for medical imaging , 1996, Medical Imaging.

[16]  G. Entine,et al.  Recent results with a CdTe imaging portal scanner for radiation therapy , 1992 .

[17]  A Fenster,et al.  A xenon ionization detector for digital radiography. , 1982, Medical physics.

[18]  George C. Giakos.  A slot-scanned detector operating on gas-solid state imaging principles , 1998, IMTC/98 Conference Proceedings. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. Where Instrumentation is Going (Cat. No.98CH36222).

[19]  John H. Reed,et al.  Application of monolithic CdZnTe linear solid state ionization detectors for x-ray imaging , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[20]  S J Riederer,et al.  Dual-energy projection radiography: initial clinical experience. , 1981, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[21]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Feasibility study of a gas microstrip detector for medical applications , 1997, Medical Imaging.

[22]  M. Sonoda,et al.  Computed radiography utilizing scanning laser stimulated luminescence. , 1983, Radiology.

[23]  David G. Gobbi,et al.  Development of gas microstrip detectors for digital X-ray imaging and radiation dosimetry , 1998, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[24]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Optimization of Cd1-xZnxTe Detectors for Digital Radiography. , 1997 .

[25]  A. Macovski,et al.  Generalized image combinations in dual KVP digital radiography. , 1981, Medical physics.

[26]  G T Barnes,et al.  An energy sensitive cassette for dual-energy mammography. , 1989, Medical physics.

[27]  A Fenster,et al.  A time-delay integration charge-coupled device camera for slot-scanned digital radiography. , 1990, Medical physics.

[28]  Tetsuro Ohtsuchi,et al.  CdTe semiconductor X-ray imaging sensor and energy subtraction method using X-ray energy information , 1993 .

[29]  G. Entine,et al.  High contrast, CdTe portal scanner for radiation therapy , 1991, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference.

[30]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Study of detection efficiency of Cd1-xZnxTe detectors for digital radiography , 1998, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[31]  G Gamsu,et al.  Quantification of calcium in solitary pulmonary nodules using single- and dual-energy CT. , 1982, Radiology.

[32]  J A Rowlands,et al.  X-ray imaging using amorphous selenium: inherent spatial resolution. , 1995, Medical physics.

[33]  R. D. Nelson,et al.  Large area image plane sensors for radiography , 1994 .

[34]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Preliminary performance characteristics of a dual-energy KCD , 1995, Medical Imaging.

[35]  I A Brezovich,et al.  Scanning multiple slit assembly: a practical and efficient device to reduce scatter. , 1977, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[36]  G S Shaber,et al.  Dual-energy mammography: a detector analysis. , 1990, Medical physics.

[37]  W R Brody,et al.  Digital radiography: current and future trends. , 1985, The British journal of radiology.

[38]  W D Foley,et al.  Digital radiograph of the chest using a computed tomography instrument. , 1979, Radiology.

[39]  M. R. Hawkesworth,et al.  Preliminary assessment of a multiwire camera for quantitative autoradiography of tritium-labelled substances. , 1986, Physics in medicine and biology.

[40]  A Fenster,et al.  Efficiency and resolution of ionography in diagnostic radiology. , 1974, Medical physics.

[41]  A Fenster,et al.  Scanned-projection digital mammography. , 1987, Medical physics.

[42]  F. P. Doty,et al.  Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te gamma ray detectors , 1992 .

[43]  A Fenster,et al.  A spatial-frequency dependent quantum accounting diagram and detective quantum efficiency model of signal and noise propagation in cascaded imaging systems. , 1994, Medical physics.

[44]  S. Adachi,et al.  A CMOS detector readout front-end for X-ray digital radiography systems , 1996 .

[45]  Heikki Sipila,et al.  Sub-keV resolution detection with Cd1-xZnxTe detectors , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[46]  Albert H. Walenta,et al.  Gas-filled detectors in medical and industrial imaging , 1994, Optics & Photonics.

[47]  John H. Reed,et al.  High-dynamic-range x-ray imager employing CdZnTe detector arrays , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[48]  J A Sorenson,et al.  Investigations of moving-slit radiography. , 1976, Radiology.

[49]  M J Yaffe,et al.  Theoretical optimization of dual-energy x-ray imaging with application to mammography. , 1985, Medical physics.

[50]  Satoshi Tokuda,et al.  Development of multichannel CdTe radiation detectors , 1995 .

[51]  S. R. Amtey,et al.  Digital radiography using a computed tomographic instrument. , 1979, Radiology.

[52]  George C. Giakos,et al.  Sensitometric response of Cd1-xZnxTe detectors for chest radiography , 1998, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[53]  John A. Rowlands,et al.  Detective quantum efficiency of direct flat-panel x-ray imaging detectors for fluoroscopy , 1998, Medical Imaging.

[54]  P. C. Johns,et al.  X-ray characterisation of normal and neoplastic breast tissues. , 1987, Physics in medicine and biology.

[55]  S. Sumrain,et al.  Intrinsic sensitivity of CdZnTe semiconductors for digital radiographic imaging , 2002, IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IEEE Cat. No.00CH37276).

[56]  M Ishida,et al.  Breast imaging: dual-energy projection radiography with digital radiography. , 1987, Radiology.

[57]  J A Rowlands,et al.  X-ray detectors for digital radiography. , 1997, Physics in medicine and biology.

[58]  Yael Nemirovsky,et al.  Study of the charge collection efficiency of CdZnTe radiation detectors , 1996 .

[59]  Applications of CdTe detectors in x-ray imaging and metrology , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[60]  W R Brody,et al.  A method for selective tissue and bone visualization using dual energy scanned projection radiography. , 1981, Medical physics.

[61]  M. Cuzin,et al.  Preliminary characterizations of a new hybrid CdTe structure for x-ray dental imaging , 1995, Medical Imaging.

[62]  A Fenster,et al.  Theoretical optimization of a split septaless xenon ionization detector for dual-energy chest radiography. , 1988, Medical physics.