In-line deposition of high-efficiency p-i-n organic light-emitting devices

OLED devices with electrically doped transport layers show low operating voltage, high efficiency and long lifetime [1-3, 5, 7]. This paper demonstrates that the concept of p- and n-type electrical doping can be applied under manufacturing conditions. It shows that handling of dopants, adjustment of doping concentrations, and preparation of p-i-n type OLED stacks is possible with the worldwide first vertical in-line set-up. An in-line-manufactured highly efficient RGB-OLED-system is presented.