The noise navigator for MRI-guided radiotherapy: an independent method to detect physiological motion

Motion is problematic during radiotherapy as it could lead to potential underdosage of the tumor, and/or overdosage in organs-at-risk. A solution is adaptive radiotherapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI allows for imaging of target volumes and organs-at-risk before and during treatment delivery with superb soft tissue contrast in any desired orientation, enabling motion management by means of (real-time) adaptive radiotherapy. The noise navigator, which is independent of the MR signal, could serve as a secondary motion detection method in synergy with MR imaging.The feasibility of respiratory motion detection by means of the noise navigator was demonstrated previously. Furthermore, from electromagnetic simulations we know that the noise navigator is sensitive to tissue displacement and thus could in principle be used for the detection of various types of motion. In this study we demonstrate the detection of various types of motion for three anatomical use cases of MRI-guided radiotherapy, i.e. torso (bulk movement and variable breathing), head-and-neck (swallowing) and cardiac. Furthermore, it is shown that the noise navigator can detect bulk movement, variable breathing and swallowing on a hybrid 1.5T MRI-linac system. Cardiac activity detection through the noise navigator seems feasible in an MRI-guided radiotherapy setting, but needs further optimization. The noise navigator is a versatile and fast (millisecond temporal resolution) motion detection method independent of MR signal that could serve as an independent verification method to detect the occurrence of motion in synergy with real-time MRI-guided radiotherapy.

[1]  Peter Voet,et al.  Analysis of the motion of oropharyngeal tumors and consequences in planning target volume determination. , 2008, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[2]  Jan J W Lagendijk,et al.  Intrafraction motions of the larynx during radiotherapy. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[3]  Marco Riboldi,et al.  Time-resolved volumetric MRI in MRI-guided radiotherapy: an in silico comparative analysis , 2019, Physics in medicine and biology.

[4]  Marcel van Herk,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Radiation Therapy: A Short Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis. , 2018, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[5]  J. Lagendijk,et al.  Understanding the physical relations governing the noise navigator , 2019, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[6]  George Starkschall,et al.  Evaluation of internal lung motion for respiratory-gated radiotherapy using MRI: Part I--correlating internal lung motion with skin fiducial motion. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[7]  G. Ezzell,et al.  Larynx motion associated with swallowing during radiation therapy. , 1994, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[8]  Anthony J. Jakeman,et al.  Random walks in the kalman filter: Implications for greenhouse gas flux deductions , 1995 .

[9]  Tobias Kober,et al.  Motion compensation strategies in magnetic resonance imaging. , 2012, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[10]  Yu Ding,et al.  Magnetic field threshold for accurate electrocardiography in the MRI environment , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[11]  Dimitris Visvikis,et al.  A generic respiratory motion model based on 4D MRI imaging and 2D image navigators , 2012, 2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC).

[12]  R. Leonard,et al.  Structural Displacements in Normal Swallowing: A Videofluoroscopic Study , 2000, Dysphagia.

[13]  Michael Y. Hu,et al.  Forecasting with artificial neural networks: The state of the art , 1997 .

[14]  Paul Keall,et al.  A ROI-based global motion model established on 4DCT and 2D cine-MRI data for MRI-guidance in radiation therapy , 2019, Physics in medicine and biology.

[15]  Jan J W Lagendijk,et al.  The magnetic resonance imaging-linac system. , 2014, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[16]  B Stemkens,et al.  Nuts and bolts of 4D-MRI for radiotherapy , 2018, Physics in medicine and biology.

[17]  Bjorn Stemkens,et al.  Image-driven, model-based 3D abdominal motion estimation for MR-guided radiotherapy , 2016, Physics in medicine and biology.

[18]  Daniel K Sodickson,et al.  A high-impedance detector-array glove for magnetic resonance imaging of the hand , 2018, Nature Biomedical Engineering.

[19]  A. Webb,et al.  Improvements in High Resolution Laryngeal Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Preoperative Transoral Laser Microsurgery and Radiotherapy Considerations in Early Lesions , 2018, Front. Oncol..

[20]  Anna Andreychenko,et al.  Prospective Respiration Detection in Magnetic Resonance Imaging by a Non-Interfering Noise Navigator , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[21]  J. Lagendijk,et al.  Intrafraction motion quantification and planning target volume margin determination of head-and-neck tumors using cine magnetic resonance imaging. , 2019, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[22]  Tom Bruijnen,et al.  The noise navigator: a surrogate for respiratory-correlated 4D-MRI for motion characterization in radiotherapy. , 2019, Physics in medicine and biology.

[23]  J.J.W. Lagendijk,et al.  Thermal noise variance of a receive radiofrequency coil as a respiratory motion sensor , 2017, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[24]  Jan J W Lagendijk,et al.  Design and feasibility of a flexible, on-body, high impedance coil receive array for a 1.5 T MR-linac , 2019, Physics in medicine and biology.

[25]  J. McClelland,et al.  MRI-guidance for motion management in external beam radiotherapy: current status and future challenges , 2018, Physics in medicine and biology.

[26]  C A T van den Berg,et al.  Respiratory motion model based on the noise covariance matrix of a receive array , 2015, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[27]  Eric S. Paulson,et al.  Dynamic MRI analysis of tumor and organ motion during rest and deglutition and margin assessment for radiotherapy of head-and-neck cancer. , 2011, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[28]  C. Terhaard,et al.  Improved immobilization using an individual head support in head and neck cancer patients. , 2010, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[29]  B Denis de Senneville,et al.  An improved optical flow tracking technique for real-time MR-guided beam therapies in moving organs , 2015, Physics in medicine and biology.

[30]  David J. Hawkes,et al.  Respiratory motion models: a review. , 2013 .

[31]  M. Modat,et al.  A generalized framework unifying image registration and respiratory motion models and incorporating image reconstruction, for partial image data or full images , 2017, Physics in medicine and biology.

[32]  Kunihiko Tateoka,et al.  The Reproducibility of Patient Setup for Head and Neck Cancers Treated with Image-Guided and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapies Using Thermoplastic Immobilization Device , 2013 .

[33]  P J Kahrilas,et al.  Upper esophageal sphincter opening and modulation during swallowing. , 1989, Gastroenterology.

[34]  R. E. Kalman,et al.  A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems , 2002 .

[35]  R. A. Leibler,et al.  On Information and Sufficiency , 1951 .

[36]  J. Brasseur,et al.  Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[37]  Cornel Zachiu,et al.  A framework for the correction of slow physiological drifts during MR-guided HIFU therapies: Proof of concept. , 2015, Medical physics.

[38]  Fang-Fang Yin,et al.  A Technique for Generating Volumetric Cine-Magnetic Resonance Imaging. , 2016, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[39]  Sasa Mutic,et al.  The ViewRay system: magnetic resonance-guided and controlled radiotherapy. , 2014, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[40]  Matthias Fenchel,et al.  Respiratory Motion Detection and Correction for MR Using the Pilot Tone: Applications for MR and Simultaneous PET/MR Examinations. , 2019, Investigative radiology.