Occupational Exposure to HIV in Health Care Settings

While obtaining a peripheral venous blood sample from a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a 35-year-old phlebotomist is injured by a bloody 18-gauge needle attached to a syringe. The patient has been taking didanosine and stavudine for more than six months, but her quantitative plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA titer and CD4 T-lymphocyte count have not been measured for many weeks. What is the appropriate postexposure treatment for the phlebotomist?

[1]  Michael S Saag,et al.  Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. , 2002, JAMA.

[2]  C. Salgado,et al.  Low Rate of False-Positive Results with Use of A Rapid HIV Test , 2002, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[3]  S. P. Kachur,et al.  Malaria surveillance--United States, 1998. , 2001, MMWR. CDC surveillance summaries : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. CDC surveillance summaries.

[4]  M. Trape,et al.  Nelfinavir in expanded postexposure prophylaxis causing acute hepatitis with cholestatic features: two case reports. , 2001, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[5]  Audrey B. Davidson,et al.  Emergency Department Management of Occupational Exposures: Cost Analysis of Rapid HIV Test , 2001, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[6]  J. Gerberding,et al.  Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. , 2001, MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports.

[7]  Stuart Johnson,et al.  Adverse effects associated with use of nevirapine in HIV postexposure prophylaxis for 2 health care workers. , 2000, JAMA.

[8]  A. Panlilio,et al.  Experience of Healthcare Workers Taking Postexposure Prophylaxis After Occupational HIV Exposures: Findings of the HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis Registry , 2000, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[9]  C. Kim,et al.  Efficacy of Postexposure Prophylaxis after Intravaginal Exposure of Pig-Tailed Macaques to a Human-Derived Retrovirus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2) , 2000, Journal of Virology.

[10]  Dorothy Bray,et al.  Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[11]  L. Mofenson,et al.  A phase I/II study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-1-infected pregnant Ugandan women and their neonates (HIVNET 006). , 1999, AIDS.

[12]  T. Greenough,et al.  Misdiagnosis of HIV Infection by HIV-1 Plasma Viral Load Testing: A Case Series , 1999, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[13]  J. Tesoriero,et al.  Abbreviated regimens of zidovudine prophylaxis and perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  D. Cardo,et al.  A Case-Control Study of HIV Seroconversion in Health Care Workers After Percutaneous Exposure , 1998 .

[15]  J. Lifson,et al.  Effectiveness of Postinoculation (R)-9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)Adenine Treatment for Prevention of Persistent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmne Infection Depends Critically on Timing of Initiation and Duration of Treatment , 1998, Journal of Virology.

[16]  D. Cardo,et al.  A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[17]  E. Jochimsen.  Failures of zidovudine postexposure prophylaxis. , 1997, The American journal of medicine.

[18]  J. Berzofsky,et al.  Immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in healthcare workers occupationally exposed to HIV-contaminated blood. , 1997, The American journal of medicine.

[19]  K. Struble,et al.  Toxicity of antiretroviral agents. , 1997, The American journal of medicine.

[20]  R. Sperling.  Maternal Viral Load, Zidovudine Treatment, and the Risk of Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Mother to Infant. , 1997 .

[21]  L. Vrang,et al.  Prevention of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsm, or HIV‐2 infection in cynomolgus monkeys by pre‐ and postexposure administration of BEA‐005 , 1997, AIDS.

[22]  E. Jochimsen,et al.  Hepatotoxicity and Rash Associated with Zidovudine and Zalcitabine Chemoprophylaxis , 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[23]  F. Lot,et al.  Infections professionnelles par le VIH en France chez le personnel de santé: Le point au 30 juin 1995 , 1996 .

[24]  R. Grant,et al.  Prevention of SIV Infection in Macaques by (R)-9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine , 1995, Science.

[25]  S. Spector,et al.  Virologic characterization of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a health care worker following needlestick injury. , 1995, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[26]  G. Satten,et al.  Time course of detection of viral and serologic markers preceding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion: implications for screening of blood and tissue donors , 1995, Transfusion.

[27]  R. Gelber,et al.  Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  K. Soike,et al.  Effects of initiation of 3'-azido,3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) treatment at different times after infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus. , 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.