Effect of depositional method on the undrained behavior and microstructure of sand with silt

It has been known for many years that depositional method plays an important part in the results of laboratory testing of clean sands. In this paper, undrained triaxial compression tests were performed on specimens composed of Nevada sand with 20% non-plastic silt content using a variety of depositional methods that include slurry deposition, water sedimentation, air pluviation, mixed dry deposition, and dry funnel deposition. It was found that there was a marked difference in the undrained behavior even though the density and stress conditions were identical. The conclusion was that the soil fabric was responsible for this result. Using the scanning electron microscope, a method was developed to examine and quantify the microstructure of silty sand. These results appear to indicate that there are internal particle structures in sand with silt and their relative quantities correlate with the observed macroscopic undrained behavior.

[1]  James R. Martin,et al.  EFFECTS OF NONPLASTIC FINES ON THE LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE OF SANDS , 2001 .

[2]  S. Sadasivan,et al.  Membrane Penetration in Triaxial Tests on Sand , 1974 .

[3]  Jerry A. Yamamuro,et al.  Effects of non-plastic fines on minimum and maximum void ratios of sand , 1998 .

[4]  F. Amini,et al.  Liquefaction Testing of Stratified Silty Sands , 2000 .

[5]  Masanobu Oda,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ANISOTROPIC SHEAR STRENGTH OF SAND BY PLANE STRAIN TEST , 1978 .

[6]  Jerry A. Yamamuro,et al.  Static liquefaction of very loose sands , 1997 .

[7]  P. L. Bransby,et al.  Sand Liquefaction in Triaxial and Simple Shear Tests , 1971 .

[8]  Jerry A. Yamamuro,et al.  Monotonic and Cyclic Liquefaction of Very Loose Sands with High Silt Content , 2001 .

[9]  Richard S. Ladd,et al.  SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND LIQUEFACTION OF SANDS , 1974 .

[10]  P. K. Robertson,et al.  Influence of fines on the collapse of loose sands , 1994 .

[11]  C.R.I. Clayton,et al.  A resin impregnation technique for the determination of the density variations in completed specimens of dry cohesionless soil , 1994 .

[12]  J. D. Frost,et al.  Sand Structure Differences Resulting from Specimen Preparation Procedures , 1998 .

[13]  Riley M. Chung,et al.  Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction Resistance Evaluations , 1985 .

[14]  Rodrigo Salgado,et al.  SHEAR STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF SILTY SAND , 2000 .

[15]  Dawit Negussey,et al.  Effect of Gradation and Fines Content on the Undrained Response of Sand , 1988 .

[16]  H. Bolton Seed,et al.  Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Performance Data , 1983 .

[17]  J. D. Frost,et al.  PREPARATION OF EPOXY IMPREGNATED SAND COUPONS FOR IMAGE ANALYSIS , 1999 .

[18]  Jerry A. Yamamuro,et al.  STEADY-STATE CONCEPTS AND STATIC LIQUEFACTION OF SILTY SANDS , 1998 .

[19]  Jerry A. Yamamuro,et al.  Effects of nonplastic fines on static liquefaction of sands , 1997 .

[20]  M. Oda.  INITIAL FABRICS AND THEIR RELATIONS TO MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR MATERIAL , 1972 .

[21]  Masanobu Oda,et al.  THE MECHANISM OF FABRIC CHANGES DURING COMPRESSIONAL DEFORMATION OF SAND , 1972 .

[22]  D. Negussey,et al.  RELATIVE DENSITY OF PLUVIATED SAND SAMPLES , 1984 .

[23]  Stein Sture,et al.  Sand Shear Band Thickness Measurements by Digital Imaging Techniques , 1999 .

[24]  N S Rad,et al.  FACTORS AFFECTING SAND SPECIMEN PREPARATION BY RAINING , 1987 .

[25]  P. W. Rowe,et al.  Importance of Free Ends in Triaxial Testing , 1964 .

[26]  Yoginder P. Vaid,et al.  SAND SAMPLE PREPARATION-THE SLURRY DEPOSITION METHOD , 1988 .

[27]  K. J. Hewitt,et al.  Influence of placement method on the in situ density of hydraulic sand fills , 1989 .

[28]  J. David Frost,et al.  UNIFORMITY EVALUATION OF COHESIONLESS SPECIMENS USING DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS , 1996 .

[29]  Fumio Tatsuoka,et al.  CYCLIC UNDRAINED TRIAXIAL AND TORSIONAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF SANDS FOR DIFFERENT SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS , 1986 .

[30]  Fumio Tatsuoka,et al.  SHEAR MODULUS AND DAMPING BY DRAINED TESTS ON CLEAN SAND SPECIMENS RECONSTITUTED BY VARIOUS METHODS , 1979 .

[31]  Kenji Ishihara,et al.  THE STEADY STATE OF SANDY SOILS , 1996 .

[32]  Shobha K Bhatia,et al.  Frequency Distribution of Void Ratio of Granular Materials Determined by an Image Analyzer , 1990 .

[33]  Kaare Høeg,et al.  Strength of Undisturbed versus Reconstituted Silt and Silty Sand Specimens , 2000 .

[34]  K. Ishihara.  Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes. , 1993 .

[35]  Peter K. Robertson,et al.  Liquefaction Potential of Sands Using the CPT , 1985 .

[36]  D. Negussey,et al.  Preparation of Reconstituted Sand Specimens , 1988 .

[37]  D. Negussey,et al.  A Critical Assessment of Membrane Penetration in the Triaxial Test , 1984 .

[38]  Kenji Ishihara,et al.  Normalized behavior of very loose non-plastic soils: Effects of fabric , 1997 .

[39]  Yoginder P. Vaid,et al.  Influence of Specimen-Reconstituting Method on the Undrained Response of Sand , 1999 .

[40]  G. Handford,et al.  A potential systematic error in laboratory testing of very loose sands , 1987 .

[41]  Kohji Tokimatsu,et al.  EMPIRICAL CORRELATION OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION BASED ON SPT N-VALUE AND FINES CONTENT , 1983 .

[42]  James K. Mitchell,et al.  Effects of Sample Preparation on Sand Liquefaction , 1977 .

[43]  J. Thomas,et al.  Liquefaction and Postliquefaction Behavior of Sand , 1995 .

[44]  E. Masad,et al.  Three-Dimensional Characterization and Simulation of Anisotropic Soil Fabric , 2000 .

[45]  T. Kagawa,et al.  Microscopic Measurement of Sand Fabric from Cyclic Tests Causing Liquefaction , 1991 .

[46]  D. Jang,et al.  Quantification of sand structure and its evolution during shearing using image analysis , 1997 .

[47]  Seiichi Miura,et al.  A SAMPLE PREPARATION METHOD AND ITS EFFECT ON STATIC AND CYCLIC DEFORMATION-STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SAND , 1982 .

[48]  Steven L. Kramer,et al.  Initiation of Soil Liquefaction Under Static Loading Conditions , 1988 .

[49]  James R. Martin,et al.  A Reconciliation of the Effects of Non-Plastic Fines on the Liquefaction Resistance of Sands Reported in the Literature , 2003 .