Simulation of Near-Fault Strong-Ground Motion Using Hybrid Green's Functions

The recently proposed hybrid Green's function method is designed to combine the advantages of both deterministic and stochastic approaches to simulating broadband ground motion when records of small events are not available. The method has the flexibility of incorporating complexities in the source, wave path, and local- site effects into strong ground motion simulations. In this article we analyze its effectiveness at simulating near-fault ground motions by comparisons with the em- pirical source time function method, empirical ground-motion-attenuation relations, and recorded near-fault ground motion. We present a simple model for introducing the effect of the radiation pattern to the stochastic Green's functions in the inter- mediate frequency range (1-3 Hz). The numerical test results of the method and the generally good agreement between simulated and recorded ground motion from the 17 January 1995 Kobe earthquake shown in this study indicate that the technique has the capability of reproducing the main characteristics of near-fault ground mo- tion.

[1]  David J. Wald,et al.  Simulation of Acceleration Time Histories Close to Large Earthquakes , 1988 .

[2]  W. Silva,et al.  An empirical study of earthquake source spectra for California earthquakes , 1997, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[3]  Jamison H. Steidl,et al.  Rupture history of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake , 1991, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[4]  Kojiro Irikura,et al.  Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu (Kobe), Japan, earthquake , 1998, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[5]  N. Abrahamson,et al.  Empirical Response Spectral Attenuation Relations for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes , 1997 .

[6]  Gregory C. Beroza,et al.  Slip distribution of the 1992 Landers earthquake and its implications for earthquake source mechanics , 1994 .

[7]  Kojiro Irikura,et al.  A technique for simulating strong ground motion using hybrid Green's function , 1998, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[8]  Keiiti Aki,et al.  Simultaneous study of the source, path, and site effects on strong ground motion during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake: A preliminary result on pervasive nonlinear site effects , 1991 .

[9]  C. K. Saikia,et al.  Modified frequency-wavenumber algorithm for regional seismograms using Filon's quadrature: modelling of Lg waves in eastern North America , 1994 .

[10]  D. Boore.  Stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions based on seismological models of the radiated spectra , 1983 .

[11]  Robin K. McGuire,et al.  The character of high-frequency strong ground motion , 1981 .

[12]  J. Brune.  Tectonic stress and the spectra of seismic shear waves from earthquakes , 1970 .

[13]  Kim B. Olsen,et al.  Three-dimensional simulation of earthquakes on the Los Angeles fault system , 1996, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[14]  Kojiro Irikura,et al.  Minute Locating of Faulting beneath Kobe and the Waveform Inversion of the Source Process during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu, Japan, Earthquake Using Strong Ground Motion Records , 1996 .

[15]  Kojiro Irikura,et al.  Nonlinearity, liquefaction, and velocity variation of soft soil layers in Port Island, Kobe, during the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake , 1997, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[16]  Gail M. Atkinson,et al.  Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. II. Widespread Nonlinear response at soil sites , 1998, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[17]  Kojiro Irikura,et al.  Source model of the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake and simulation of near-source ground motion , 1998, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[18]  W. Silva,et al.  ENGINEERING CHARACTERIZATION OF EARTHQUAKE STRONG GROUND MOTIONS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST , 1998 .

[19]  Paul Somerville,et al.  Engineering applications of strong ground motion simulation , 1993 .

[20]  Arthur Frankel,et al.  Simulating strong motions of large earthquakes using recordings of small earthquakes: the Loma Prieta mainshock as a test case , 1995, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[21]  John E. Vidale,et al.  Influence of focal mechanism on peak accelerations of strong motions of the Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake and an aftershock , 1989 .

[22]  Thomas H. Heaton,et al.  Rupture model of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from the inversion of strong-motion and broadband teleseismic data , 1991, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[23]  Robert W. Graves,et al.  Three-dimensional finite-difference modeling of the San Andreas fault: Source parameterization and ground-motion levels , 1998, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[24]  Shawn Larsen,et al.  Calculation of broadband time histories of ground motion: Comparison of methods and validation using strong-ground motion from the 1994 Northridge earthquake , 1999, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[25]  Norman A. Abrahamson,et al.  Simulated ground motions for hypothesized Mw = 8 subduction earthquakes in Washington and Oregon , 1991, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[26]  David M. Boore,et al.  Average body-wave radiation coefficients , 1984 .

[27]  Paul Somerville,et al.  Simulation of strong ground motions recorded during the 1985 Michoacán, Mexico and Valparaíso, Chile earthquakes , 1991 .

[28]  S. Hartzell.  Earthquake aftershocks as Green's functions , 1978 .

[29]  Gail M. Atkinson,et al.  Stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motions from the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. I. Validation on rock sites , 1998, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[30]  Robert W. Graves,et al.  Implications of the Northridge earthquake for strong ground motions from thrust faults , 1996, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[31]  Arben Pitarka,et al.  3D Elastic Finite-Difference Modeling of Seismic Motion Using Staggered Grids with Nonuniform Spacing , 1999 .

[32]  Donald V. Helmberger,et al.  The 23:19 aftershock of the 15 October 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake: More evidence for an asperity , 1985 .

[33]  K. Irikura,et al.  Estimation of strong ground motion in broad-frequency band based on a seismic source scaling model and an empirical Green's function technique , 1994 .

[34]  D. Wald.  Slip History of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, Earthquake Determined from Strong Motion, Teleseismic, and Geodetic Data , 1996 .

[35]  D. Helmberger,et al.  Peak acceleration scaling studies , 1982 .