Revaluing the Role of Parents as Financial Socialization Agents in Youth Financial Literacy Programs

type="main" xml:id="joca12064-abs-0001"> This paper reviews the role of parents in young people's financial socialization process. Despite robust evidence illustrating the key role of parents in this process, parental involvement in financial education programs is not well-developed. Hence, this study advocates a revaluation of their role in such programs and shows how this fits in with the development of youth financial literacy programs that are more proactive and aimed at raising adaptable financial consumers. Guidelines are provided for the design of such proactive financial literacy programs, which take into account the role of parents in the financial socialization process. In addition, consequences for the role of teachers are discussed. In conclusion, a number of suggestions for future research are formulated that are necessary in order to develop more effective delivery methods and to increase the effectiveness of financial education programs.

[1]  J. Pieters,et al.  Engaging students: The role of teacher beliefs and interpersonal teacher behavior in fostering student engagement in vocational education , 2014 .

[2]  A. Koerner,et al.  Family communication patterns theory: A social cognitive approach , 2006 .

[3]  Urvi Neelakantan Applying Theory to the Practice of Financial Education , 2008 .

[4]  Sondra G. Beverly,et al.  Patterns of Financial Behaviors : Implications for Community Educators and Policy Makers Discussion Draft - February, 2003 , 2003 .

[5]  S. Danes Parental perceptions of children's financial socialization , 1994 .

[6]  David Laibson,et al.  The Age of Reason: Financial Decisions over the Life-Cycle with Implications for Regulation , 2009 .

[7]  Diane H. Parente,et al.  Information Learned From Socialization Agents: Its Relationship to Credit Card Use , 2005 .

[8]  Thomas A. Lucey The Art of Relating Moral Education to Financial Education: An Equity Imperative , 2007, Social Studies Research and Practice.

[9]  P. Pintrich A Motivational Science Perspective on the Role of Student Motivation in Learning and Teaching Contexts. , 2003 .

[10]  Deborah Roedder John Consumer Socialization of Children: A Retrospective Look at Twenty-Five Years of Research , 1999 .

[11]  Jonathan J. Fox,et al.  Building the Case for Financial Education , 2005 .

[12]  R. Baumeister Yielding to Temptation: Self‐Control Failure, Impulsive Purchasing, and Consumer Behavior , 2002 .

[13]  O. Mitchell,et al.  How Ordinary Consumers Make Complex Economic Decisions: Financial Literacy and Retirement Readiness , 2009 .

[14]  Jinkook Lee,et al.  Consumers’ use of information intermediaries and the impact on their information search behavior in the financial market , 2005 .

[15]  R. Levine,et al.  Financial Literacy: What Works? How Could it Be More Effective? , 2010 .

[16]  J. Winter,et al.  Rules of Thumb in Life�?Cycle Saving Decisions , 2012 .

[17]  A. Bandura Social cognitive theory of self-regulation☆ , 1991 .

[18]  Sandra J. Huston,et al.  Financial literacy and the cost of borrowing , 2012 .

[19]  J. Brissie,et al.  Parent Involvement: Contributions of Teacher Efficacy, School Socioeconomic Status, and Other School Characteristics , 1987 .

[20]  Lauren E. Willis Evidence and Ideology in Assessing the Effectiveness of Financial Literacy Education , 2008 .

[21]  Education and Saving: The Long-Term Effects of High School Financial Curriculum Mandates , 1997 .

[22]  Angela C. Lyons Risky Credit Card Behavior of College Students , 2008 .

[23]  Francille M. Firebaugh,et al.  Family resource management: Principles and applications , 1981 .

[24]  N. Hill,et al.  Parental School Involvement and Children's Academic Achievement , 2004 .

[25]  Noel A. Card,et al.  Socialization processes and pathways to healthy financial development for emerging young adults , 2015 .

[26]  I. Ajzen The theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[27]  Bonnie L. Barber,et al.  Pathways to life success: A conceptual model of financial well-being for young adults , 2009 .

[28]  J. Parsons,et al.  Socialization of Achievement Attitudes and Beliefs: Parental Influences. , 1982 .

[29]  M. K. Eamon,et al.  The effects of poverty on childrens socioemotional development: an ecological systems analysis. , 2001, Social work.

[30]  Sameer Khatiwada,et al.  Do Financial Education Programs Work? Working Paper 08-03. , 2008 .

[31]  J. Collins,et al.  Financial Education and Counseling — Still Holding Promise , 2010 .

[32]  Cynthia J. Neal,et al.  Vygotsky and education: The social origins of self-regulation , 1990 .

[33]  G. Evans,et al.  Self-Regulation and the Income-Achievement Gap. , 2008 .

[34]  G. Brody,et al.  Maternal psychological functioning, family processes, and child adjustment in rural, single-parent, African American families. , 1997, Developmental psychology.

[35]  M. Sherraden,et al.  Financial Capability in Children: Effects of Participation in a School-Based Financial Education and Savings Program , 2011 .

[36]  M. H. McCormick The Effectiveness of Youth Financial Education: A Review of the Literature , 2008 .

[37]  P. Webley,et al.  Parents’ influence on children’s future orientation and saving , 2006 .

[38]  Robert D. Hess,et al.  The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. , 1968 .

[39]  A. Lusardi,et al.  Debt literacy, financial experiences, and overindebtedness* , 2009, Journal of Pension Economics and Finance.

[40]  Leann G. Rutherford,et al.  Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand Convenience Use of Credit Cards , 2009 .

[41]  Dennis L. Eggett,et al.  The Acquisition of Family Financial Roles and Responsibilities , 2005 .

[42]  O. Mitchell,et al.  The Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence , 2013, Journal of economic literature.

[43]  Arthur J. Reynolds,et al.  Parent involvement in early intervention for disadvantaged children: Does it matter? , 1999 .

[44]  Karen Gross,et al.  Financial Literacy Teacher Training: A Multiple-Measure Evaluation , 2005 .

[45]  Lewis Mandell,et al.  Motivation and financial literacy , 2007 .

[46]  Angela C. Lyons,et al.  Are Financial Education Programs Meeting the Needs of Financially Disadvantaged Consumers? , 2007 .

[47]  S. Baum,et al.  College on Credit: How Borrowers Perceive Their Education Debt , 2003, Journal of Student Financial Aid.

[48]  R. East,et al.  Investment decisions and the theory of planned behaviour , 1993 .

[49]  Bryce L. Jorgensen,et al.  Financial Literacy of Young Adults: The Importance of Parental Socialization. , 2010 .

[50]  T. D. Olson,et al.  Parental discipline and control attempts in relation to adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior. , 1986 .

[51]  C. Falicov The Cultural Meanings of Money , 2001 .

[52]  M. Libby,et al.  Increasing Youth Financial Capability: An Evaluation of the MyPath Savings Initiative , 2015 .

[53]  J. Norvilitis,et al.  The role of parents in college students' financial behaviors and attitudes , 2010 .

[54]  Myria W. Allen,et al.  Financial Attitudes and Family Communication About Students' Finances: The Role of Sex Differences , 2007 .

[55]  P. Webley,et al.  Children's Saving: A Study in the Development of Economic Behaviour , 1993 .

[56]  I. Beutler,et al.  Financial Prudence and Next Generation Financial Strain , 2013 .

[57]  Bilal Zia,et al.  Can You Help Someone Become Financially Capable? A Meta-Analysis of the Literature , 2014 .

[58]  Arthur B. Kennickell,et al.  Recent changes in U.S. family finances: evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances , 2006 .

[59]  H. Bansal,et al.  Investigating interactive effects in the theory of planned behavior in a service‐provider switching context , 2002 .

[60]  Susan J. T. Branje,et al.  Developmental Changes in Adolescents’ Perceptions of Relationships with Their Parents , 2009, Journal of youth and adolescence.

[61]  Sondra G. Beverly,et al.  Household financial management: the connection between knowledge and behavior , 2003 .

[62]  T. Osberg,et al.  PERSONALITY FACTORS, MONEY ATTITUDES, FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE, AND CREDIT-CARD DEBT IN COLLEGE STUDENTS , 2006 .

[63]  A. Bandura Social learning theory , 1977 .

[64]  M. Altman Implications of behavioural economics for financial literacy and public policy , 2012 .

[65]  Tahira K. Hira,et al.  Self-directed Financial Learning and Financial Satisfaction , 2005 .

[66]  John E. Grable,et al.  Adolescents' financial literacy: the role of financial socialization agents, financial experiences, and money attitudes in shaping financial literacy among South Korean youth. , 2012, Journal of adolescence.

[67]  M. Sherraden,et al.  From Financial Literacy to Financial Capability Among Youth , 2007, The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare.

[68]  O. Mitchell,et al.  Financial Literacy Among the Young , 2009 .

[69]  S. Danes,et al.  Teen Financial Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Behavior: A Gendered View , 2007 .

[70]  Teresa Mauldin,et al.  Financial Information: Is it Related to Savings and Investing Knowledge and Financial Behavior of Teenagers? , 2013 .

[71]  J. Collins,et al.  Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Financial Education on Elementary School Students' Knowledge, Behavior, and Attitudes , 2015 .

[72]  M. Bruhn,et al.  The Impact of High School Financial Education: Experimental Evidence from Brazil , 2013 .

[73]  Annamaria Lusardi,et al.  Financial literacy around the world: an overview , 2011, Journal of Pension Economics and Finance.

[74]  S. Danes,et al.  Financial planning curriculum for teens: Impact evaluation , 1999 .

[75]  M. Donnellan,et al.  An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. , 2007, Annual review of psychology.

[76]  Sharon M. Danes,et al.  Family Financial Socialization: Theory and Critical Review , 2011 .

[77]  Leora F. Klapper,et al.  Financial literacy and its consequences: Evidence from Russia during the financial crisis , 2013 .

[78]  L. Kuczynski,et al.  Agency and Bidirectionality in Socialization: Interactions, Transactions, and Relational Dialectics. , 2007 .

[79]  Tahira K. Hira,et al.  Financial socialization's impact on investment orientation and household net worth , 2013 .

[80]  M. García Financial Education and Behavioral Finance: New Insights into the Role of Information in Financial Decisions , 2013 .

[81]  Kathleen V. Hoover-dempsey,et al.  Why Do Parents Become Involved in Their Children’s Education? , 1997 .

[82]  W. Andrew Collins,et al.  Parent‐Adolescent Relationships and Influences , 2013 .

[83]  Gilbert A. Churchill,et al.  Television and Interpersonal Influences on Adolescent Consumer Learning , 1979 .

[84]  Antoinette Schoar,et al.  Keeping it Simple: Financial Literacy and Rules of Thumb , 2010 .

[85]  Noel A. Card,et al.  Financial Socialization of First-year College Students: the Roles of Parents, Work, and Education , 2009 .

[86]  Allen Martin,et al.  Teaching Children about Money: Applications of Social Learning and Cognitive Learning Developmental Theories. , 2001 .

[87]  A. Furnham The saving and spending habits of young people , 1999 .

[88]  A. Lusardi,et al.  Financial Literacy, Retirement Planning and Household Wealth , 2011 .

[89]  Allan D. Grody,et al.  A Financial Literacy and Financial Services Program for Elementary School Grades - Results of a Pilot Study , 2008 .

[90]  P. Pintrich,et al.  Handbook of self-regulation , 2000 .

[91]  Sondra G. Beverly,et al.  Improving the Financial Literacy and Practices of Youths , 2005 .

[92]  V. Mcloyd,et al.  Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. , 1998, The American psychologist.

[93]  Terri L. Friedline A Developmental Perspective on Children's Economic Agency , 2015 .

[94]  M. Sherraden,et al.  School-based children's saving accounts for college: The I Can Save program , 2007 .

[95]  J. Bettman,et al.  Multiattribute Measurement Models and Multiattribute Attitude Theory: A Test of Construct Validity , 1975 .

[96]  Jonathan S. Spader,et al.  Parental transfer of financial knowledge and later credit outcomes among low- and moderate-income homeowners , 2011 .

[97]  Daniel Fernandes,et al.  Financial Literacy, Financial Education and Downstream Financial Behaviors (full paper and web appendix) , 2014, Manag. Sci..

[98]  B. Myers,et al.  Consumer Education: A Partnership between Schools and Families. , 1992 .

[99]  S. Braunstein,et al.  Financial literacy: an overview of practice, research, and policy , 2002 .

[100]  Adele Atkinson,et al.  Measuring Financial Literacy: Results of the OECD / International Network on Financial Education (INFE) Pilot Study , 2012 .