Management Research Based on the Paradigm of the Design Sciences: The Quest for Field-Tested and Grounded Technological Rules

Academic management theory has a serious utilization problem. This article argues that it stands a better chance of being adopted for instrumental use if the theory is based on the paradigm of the “design sciences”, like medicine or engineering. Most academic management research is based on the paradigm of the “explanatory sciences”, like physics. The mission of these sciences is to describe, explain and predict, while the core mission of the design sciences is to develop “tested and grounded technological rules”. The paradigm of the design sciences is applied to management research and I discuss the potential of solving its utility problem by combining both types of research.

[1]  C. Oldham,et al.  The education of American business men , 1912 .

[2]  J. Dewey,et al.  The Quest for Certainty , 1929 .

[3]  Kurt Lewin,et al.  The Research Center for Group Dynamics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. , 1945 .

[4]  Ronald Lippitt,et al.  The research center for group dynamics , 1947 .

[5]  Frank C. Pierson,et al.  The Education of American Businessmen , 1959 .

[6]  Robert Aaron Gordon,et al.  Higher Education for Business , 1959 .

[7]  Harold Koontz,et al.  The Management Theory Jungle , 1961 .

[8]  Ernest Nagel,et al.  The Structure of Science , 1962 .

[9]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[10]  Harry Hopkins,et al.  The new look , 1963 .

[11]  P. Berger,et al.  Social Construction of Reality , 1991, The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society.

[12]  R. Torretti Mario Bunge: Scientific research. I. The search for system. II. The search for truth. Berlin Heidelberg. New York. Springer-Verlag. 1967 , 1967 .

[13]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The Sciences of the Artificial , 1970 .

[14]  T. Broadbent,et al.  Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge , 1972 .

[15]  C. Geertz,et al.  The Interpretation of Cultures , 1973 .

[16]  Eliot Freidson,et al.  The professions and their prospects , 1975 .

[17]  I. Lakatos Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes , 1976 .

[18]  Henry A. Landsberger,et al.  Major Social Issues: A Multidisciplinary View , 1978 .

[19]  D. Klegon The Sociology of Professions , 1978 .

[20]  G. Susman,et al.  An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research. , 1978 .

[21]  Mary M. Kennedy,et al.  Generalizing From Single Case Studies , 1979 .

[22]  Donald R. Cooper,et al.  Business Research Methods , 1980 .

[23]  J. McCann Strategies for Change: Logical Incrementalism , 1980 .

[24]  H. Koontz The Management Theory Jungle Revisited , 1980 .

[25]  W. G. Tymon,et al.  Necessary Properties of Relevant Research: Lessons from Recent Criticisms of the Organizational Sciences , 1982 .

[26]  J. M. Beyer,et al.  The Utilization Process: A Conceptual Framework and Synthesis of Empirical Findings. , 1982 .

[27]  D. Schoen The Reflective Practitioner , 1983 .

[28]  Joseph L. C. Cheng,et al.  Toward an Integration of Organization Research and Practice: A Contingency Study of Bureaucratic Control and Performance in Scientific Settings. , 1983 .

[29]  John B. Miner,et al.  The Validity and Usefulness of Theories in an Emerging Organizational Science , 1984 .

[30]  Jeff Cox,et al.  The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement , 1984 .

[31]  Ian I. Mitroff,et al.  Enhancing Organizational Research Utilization: The Role of Decision Makers' Assumptions , 1984 .

[32]  N. Tichy Managing strategic change: Technical, political, and cultural dynamics , 1985 .

[33]  A. Lewin,et al.  Determining organizational effectiveness: another look, and an agenda for research , 1986 .

[34]  S. Schlossman,et al.  The "New Look:" The Ford Foundation and the Revolution in Business Education. GMAC Occasional Papers. , 1987 .

[35]  E. Schein The clinical perspective in fieldwork , 1987 .

[36]  L. Porter,et al.  Management Education and Development: Drift or Thrust into the 21st Century? , 1988 .

[37]  A. Abbott The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor , 1988 .

[38]  Richard Whitley,et al.  The Management Sciences and Managerial Skills , 1988 .

[39]  J. Meredith,et al.  Alternative research paradigms in operations , 1989 .

[40]  W. Whyte,et al.  Participatory Action Research , 1989 .

[41]  E. Guba,et al.  Fourth Generation Evaluation , 1989 .

[42]  K. Eisenhardt Building theories from case study research , 1989, STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI.

[43]  Gibson Burrell,et al.  The Absent Centre: The Neglect of Philosophy in Anglo-American Management Theory , 1989 .

[44]  Cynthia A. Montgomery,et al.  Strategy Content and the Research Process: A Critique and Commentary , 1989 .

[45]  Donald A. Schön,et al.  Participatory Action Research and Action Science Compared , 1989 .

[46]  D. Farmer Strategies for Change. , 1990 .

[47]  S. Floyd,et al.  The strategy process, middle management involvement, and organizational performance , 1990 .

[48]  Richard Tanner Pascale,et al.  Managing on the edge : how the smartest companies use conflict to stay ahead , 1990 .

[49]  J. Raelin Let's not teach management as if it were a profession , 1990 .

[50]  K. Eisenhardt Better Stories and Better Constructs: The Case for Rigor and Comparative Logic , 1991 .

[51]  George M. Zinkhan,et al.  Strategy and the research process: A comment , 1991 .

[52]  Raymond F. Zammuto,et al.  Organization Science, Managers, and Language Games , 1992 .

[53]  Nigel Cross,et al.  Science and design methodology: A review , 1993 .

[54]  Robert J. Dolan,et al.  Maximizing the Utility of Customer Product Testing: Beta Test Design and Management , 1993 .

[55]  Arvind Parkhe “Messy” Research, Methodological Predispositions, and Theory Development in International Joint Ventures , 1993 .

[56]  J. Pfeffer Barriers to the Advance of Organizational Science: Paradigm Development as a Dependent Variable , 1993 .

[57]  S. Schwartzman,et al.  The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies , 1994 .

[58]  Donald C. Hambrick,et al.  1993 presidential address: What if the academy actually mattered? , 1994 .

[59]  D. Hambrick What if the Academy Actually Mattered , 1994 .

[60]  Jean-Claude Thoenig,et al.  Organizational Theory at the Crossroads: Some Reflections on European and United States Approaches to Organizational Research , 1995 .

[61]  J. Searle The Construction of Social Reality , 1997 .

[62]  Christopher Grey,et al.  Management Education , 1995 .

[63]  D. Schweiger,et al.  Building Commitment, Attachment, and Trust in Strategic Decision-Making Teams: The Role of Procedural Justice , 1995 .

[64]  Margaret S. Archer,et al.  Realist social theory: The morphogenetic cycle , 1997 .

[65]  Vladimir Hubka,et al.  Design science : introduction to needs, scope and organization of engineering design knowledge , 1996 .

[66]  Donald A. Norman,et al.  Design as practiced , 1996 .

[67]  Terry Winograd,et al.  Bringing Design to Software , 1996 .

[68]  Colin Eden,et al.  Action research for the study of organizations , 1996 .

[69]  S. Sivaloganathan,et al.  A Survey of Design Philosophies, Models, Methods and Systems , 1996 .

[70]  M. Hatch,et al.  Living With Multiple Paradigms the Case of Paradigm Interplay in Organizational Culture Studies , 1996 .

[71]  C. Argyris Crossroads---Unrecognized Defenses of Scholars: Impact on Theory and Research , 1996 .

[72]  Danny Miller,et al.  Creative Chaos versus Munificent Momentum , 1997 .

[73]  Eric W. K. Tsang Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization: A Dichotomy Between Descriptive and Prescriptive Research , 1997 .

[74]  P. Strien Towards a Methodology of Psychological Practice , 1997 .

[75]  James G. March,et al.  Crossroads---Organizational Performance as a Dependent Variable , 1997 .

[76]  C. H. Dorst,et al.  Describing Design - A comparison of paradigms , 1997 .

[77]  D. Tranfield,et al.  The Nature, Social Organization and Promotion of Management Research: Towards Policy , 1998 .

[78]  Stig Ottosson Strategic considerations of the interplay between R&D and M&S , 1998 .

[79]  A. Mukherjee,et al.  Subsidy and entry: Role of licensing , 1999 .

[80]  Karen E. Watkins,et al.  Action Research: Rethinking Lewin , 1999 .

[81]  M. Timmer Climbing the technology ladder too fast , 1999 .

[82]  Leon A.G. Oerlemans,et al.  Innovation and Space: Theoretical Perspectives , 1999 .

[83]  Eric W. K. Tsang,et al.  Replication and Theory Development in Organizational Science: A Critical Realist Perspective , 1999 .

[84]  Mark A. Mone,et al.  Determinants and Development of Schools in Organization Theory , 1999 .

[85]  M. Alvesson Doing critical management research , 2000 .

[86]  O. Lint,et al.  The primary assessment tool at Philips electronics : capturing real options and organizational risk in technology portfolio management , 2000 .

[87]  O. Marsili,et al.  Technological Regimes and Sources of Entrepreneurship , 2000 .

[88]  Johannes I.M. Halman,et al.  Platform driven development of product families: Linking theory with practice , 2001 .

[89]  Ken Starkey,et al.  Bridging the Relevance Gap: Aligning Stakeholders in the Future of Management Research , 2001 .

[90]  Karl E. Weick,et al.  Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. , 2001 .

[91]  Ha Henny Romijn,et al.  Small-industry clusters, accumulation of technological capabilities, and development : a conceptual framework , 2001 .

[92]  R. Daft,et al.  Across the Great Divide: Knowledge Creation and Transfer Between Practitioners and Academics , 2001 .

[93]  H. Bradbury,et al.  Handbook of action research : participative inquiry and practice , 2001 .

[94]  M. Kilduff,et al.  The consolations of organization theory , 2001 .

[95]  Geoffrey Squires,et al.  Management as a professional discipline , 2001 .

[96]  Jim Joop Halman,et al.  From experience : applying the risk diagnosing methodology , 2002 .