Power System Impacts of Electric Vehicles in Germany: Charging with Coal or Renewables?

We analyze the impacts of future scenarios of electric vehicles (EVs) on the German power system, drawing on different assumptions on the charging mode. We find that the impact on the load duration curve strongly differs between charging modes. In a fully user-driven mode, charging largely occurs during daytime and in the evening, when power demand is already high. User-driven charging may thus have to be restricted because of generation adequacy concerns. In contrast, cost-driven charging is carried out during night-time and at times of high PV availability. Using a novel model formulation that allows for simulating intermediate charging modes, we show that even a slight relaxation of fully user-driven charging results in much smoother load profiles. Further, cost-driven EV charging strongly increases the utilization of hard coal and lignite plants in 2030, whereas additional power in the user-driven mode is predominantly generated from natural gas and hard coal. Specific CO2 emissions of EVs are substantially higher than those of the overall power system, and highest under cost-driven charging. Only in additional model runs, in which we link the introduction of EVs to a respective deployment of additional renewables, electric vehicles become largely CO2-neutral.

[1]  Ramteen Sioshansi,et al.  Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles can be clean and economical in dirty power systems , 2011 .

[2]  Ramteen Sioshansi,et al.  The Value of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles as Grid Resources , 2010 .

[3]  Juha Kiviluoma,et al.  Methodology for modelling plug-in electric vehicles in the power system and cost estimates for a sys , 2011 .

[4]  Claire Weiller,et al.  Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle impacts on hourly electricity demand in the United States , 2011 .

[5]  Claus Krog Ekman,et al.  On the synergy between large electric vehicle fleet and high wind penetration – An analysis of the Danish case , 2011 .

[6]  Martin Wietschel,et al.  Integration of intermittent renewable power supply using grid-connected vehicles – A 2030 case study for California and Germany , 2013 .

[7]  Wolf-Peter Schill,et al.  Elektromobilität in Deutschland: Chancen, Barrieren und Auswirkungen auf das Elektrizitätssystem , 2010 .

[8]  F. Kunz,et al.  Electricity Sector Data for Policy-Relevant Modeling: Data Documentation and Applications to the German and European Electricity Markets , 2014 .

[9]  Wolf-Peter Schill,et al.  Electric vehicles in imperfect electricity markets: The case of Germany , 2011 .

[10]  Cong Liu,et al.  Impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on power systems with demand response and wind power , 2011 .

[11]  Filipe Joel Soares,et al.  Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[12]  Nina Juul,et al.  Road transport and power system scenarios for Northern Europe in 2030 , 2012 .

[13]  Filip Johnsson,et al.  Integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in a regional wind-thermal power system , 2010 .

[14]  Malcolm McCulloch,et al.  Modeling the prospects of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions , 2011 .

[15]  Prabodh Bajpai,et al.  Issues and solution approaches in PHEV integration to smart grid , 2014 .

[16]  George Gross,et al.  The integration of PHEV aggregations into a power system with wind resources , 2010, 2010 IREP Symposium Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VIII (IREP).

[17]  Jarod C. Kelly,et al.  Time-dependent plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and demographics , 2012 .

[18]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy , 2005 .

[19]  Filip Johnsson,et al.  Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as regulating power providers: Case studies of Sweden and Germany , 2010 .

[20]  F. Kunz,et al.  Current and Prospective Costs of Electricity Generation until 2050 , 2013 .

[21]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G , 2008 .

[22]  Aoife Foley,et al.  Impacts of Electric Vehicle charging under electricity market operations , 2013 .

[23]  Nina Juul,et al.  Optimal configuration of an integrated power and transport system , 2011 .

[24]  Karsten Emil Capion,et al.  Optimal charging of electric drive vehicles in a market environment , 2011 .

[25]  R. Loisel,et al.  Large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Germany by 2030: An analysis of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid concepts , 2014 .

[26]  Willett Kempton,et al.  Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue , 2005 .

[27]  Wolf-Peter Schill.  Residual load, renewable surplus generation and storage requirements in Germany , 2014 .