A scientific session of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) was held in the Conference Hall of the P N Lebedev Physics Institute, RAS on 19 April 2006. The following reports were presented at the session: (1) Kagan M Yu, Klaptsov A V, Brodsky I V (P L Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, RAS, Moscow), Combescot R, Leyronas X (Ecole Normale Superiure, Paris, France) "Composite fermions and bosons in ultracold gases and in high-temperature superconductors"; (2) Andriyash A V, Loboda P A, Lykov V A, Politov V Yu, Chizhkov M N (Russian Federal Nuclear Center 'E I Zababakhin All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics', Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk region) "Lasers and high energy density physics at the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics"; (3) Murtazaev A K (Institute of Physics, Dagestan Scientific Center, RAS, Makhachkala) "Monte Carlo studies of critical phenomena in spin lattice systems"; (4) Cherepenin V A (Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, RAS, Moscow) "Relativistic multiwave oscillators and their possible applications". An abridge version of the reports is given below. • Composite fermions and bosons in ultracold gases and in high-temperature superconductors, M Yu Kagan, A V Klaptsov, I V Brodsky, R Combescot, X Leyronas Physics-Uspekhi, 2006, Volume 49, Number 10, Pages 1079–1084 • Lasers and high energy density physics at the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics (VNIITF), A V Andriyash, P A Loboda, V A Lykov, V Yu Politov, M N Chizhkov Physics-Uspekhi, 2006, Volume 49, Number 10, Pages 1084–1092 • Monte Carlo studies of critical phenomena in spin lattice systems, A K Murtazaev Physics-Uspekhi, 2006, Volume 49, Number 10, Pages 1092–1097 • Relativistic multiwave oscillators and their possible applications, V A Cherepenin Physics-Uspekhi, 2006, Volume 49, Number 10, Pages 1097–1102