The Relationship Between Productivity and Species Richness

▪ Abstract Recent overviews have suggested that the relationship between species richness and productivity (rate of conversion of resources to biomass per unit area per unit time) is unimodal (hump-shaped). Most agree that productivity affects species richness at large scales, but unanimity is less regarding underlying mechanisms. Recent studies have examined the possibility that variation in species richness within communities may influence productivity, leading to an exploration of the relative effect of alterations in species number per se as contrasted to the addition of productive species. Reviews of the literature concerning deserts, boreal forests, tropical forests, lakes, and wetlands lead to the conclusion that extant data are insufficient to conclusively resolve the relationship between diversity and productivity, or that patterns are variable with mechanisms equally varied and complex. A more comprehensive survey of the ecological literature uncovered approximately 200 relationships, of which 3...

[1]  O. Arrhenius,et al.  Species and Area , 1921 .

[2]  R. Macarthur.  Fluctuations of Animal Populations and a Measure of Community Stability , 1955 .

[3]  Charles C. Elton.  The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants , 1958, Springer Netherlands.

[4]  Charles C. Elton,et al.  The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. , 1959 .

[5]  F. W. Preston.  The Canonical Distribution of Commonness and Rarity: Part I , 1962 .

[6]  William A. Niering,et al.  Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains , 1963 .

[7]  David A. Adams,et al.  Factors Influencing Vascular Plant Zonation in North Carolina Salt Marshes , 1963 .

[8]  J. Connell,et al.  The Ecological Regulation of Species Diversity , 1964, The American Naturalist.

[9]  L. Pearson.  Primary Production in Grazed and Ungrazed Desert Communities of Eastern Idaho , 1965 .

[10]  E. Leigh.  ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PRODUCTIVITY, BIOMASS, DIVERSITY, AND STABILITY OF A COMMUNITY. , 1965, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  Robert M. Chew,et al.  The Primary Productivity of a Desert‐Shrub (Larrea tridentata) Community , 1965 .

[12]  E. Pianka.  Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity: A Review of Concepts , 1966, The American Naturalist.

[13]  R. Macarthur,et al.  On Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment , 1966, The American Naturalist.

[14]  Harold A. Mooney,et al.  THE ECOLOGY OF ARCTIC AND ALPINE PLANTS , 1968 .

[15]  J. C. Beatley.  Biomass of desert winter annual plant populations in southern Nevada , 1969 .

[16]  J. W. G. Lund,et al.  A Manual on Methods for Measuring Primary Production in Aquatic Environments. , 1970 .

[17]  Productivity of forest ecosystems : proceedings of the Brussels symposium organized by Unesco and the International Biological Programme (27-31 October 1969) = Productivité des écosystèmes forestiers , 1971 .

[18]  M. Rosenzweig.  Paradox of Enrichment: Destabilization of Exploitation Ecosystems in Ecological Time , 1971, Science.

[19]  A. Auclair,et al.  Diversity Relations of Upland Forests in the Western Great Lakes Area , 1971, The American Naturalist.

[20]  Leslie A. Viereck,et al.  Accumulation of Nitrogen in Alder ( Alnus ) Ecosystems Near Fairbanks, Alaska , 1971, Arctic and Alpine Research.

[21]  R. Chabreck.  Vegetation, water, and soil characteristics of the Louisiana coastal region. , 1972 .

[22]  M. Rosenzweig,et al.  Stability of enriched aquatic ecosystems. , 1972, Science.

[23]  J. P. Grime.  Control of species density in herbaceous vegetation , 1973 .

[24]  G. A. Yarranton,et al.  Diversity, Floristic Richness, and Species Evenness During a Secondary (Post‐Fire) Succession , 1973 .

[25]  James H. Brown.  Species Diversity of Seed‐Eating Desert Rodents in Sand Dune Habitats , 1973 .

[26]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Competitive Exclusion in Herbaceous Vegetation , 1973, Nature.

[27]  John F. Riebesell.  PARADOX OF ENRICHMENT IN COMPETITIVE SYSTEMS , 1974 .

[28]  F. Chapin.  MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION IN PHOSPHATE ABSORPTION ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT , 1974 .

[29]  James H. Brown,et al.  Fish Species Diversity in Lakes , 1974, The American Naturalist.

[30]  D. Wollkind.  Exploitation in Three Trophic Levels: An Extension Allowing Intraspecies Carnivore Interaction , 1976, The American Naturalist.

[31]  G. Kleinkopf,et al.  A Comparison of Seasonal Primary Production of Mojave Desert Shrubs During Wet and Dry Years , 1976 .

[32]  G. Roi,et al.  Ecological studies in the boreal spruce–fir forests of the North American taiga. II. Analysis of the bryophyte flora , 1976 .

[33]  J. P. Grime,et al.  A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SHOOT PHENOLOGY AND DOMINANCE IN HERBACEOUS VEGETATION , 1977 .

[34]  James H. Brown,et al.  Turnover Rates in Insular Biogeography: Effect of Immigration on Extinction , 1977 .

[35]  M. Rosenzweig.  Aspects of Biological Exploitation , 1977, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[36]  Coexistence and diversity in Heteromyid rodents , 1977 .

[37]  D. Patten.  PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF AN UPPER SONORAN DESERT EPHEMERAL COMMUNITY , 1978 .

[38]  W. Whitford,et al.  Effects of nitrogen fertilization on primary production in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem , 1978 .

[39]  P. Webber.  Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Vegetation and Its Production, Barrow, Alaska , 1978 .

[40]  M. Huston.  A General Hypothesis of Species Diversity , 1979, The American Naturalist.

[41]  M. Huston.  Soil nutrients and tree species richness in Costa Rican forests , 1980 .

[42]  P. Webber,et al.  Two Low Arctic Vegetation Maps near Atkasook, Alaska , 1980 .

[43]  K. Everett,et al.  SOME EFFECTS OF MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES AND FERTILIZATION ON TUNDRA SOILS AND VEGETATION , 1980 .

[44]  T. J. Carleton,et al.  Vegetation of the Boreal Forests South of James Bay: Non‐Centered Component Analysis of the Vascular Flora , 1980, Ecology.

[45]  Productivity and dynamics of aboveground biomass desert vegetation. , 1980 .

[46]  R. Browne.  Lakes as islands: biogeographic distribution, turnover rates, and species composition in the lakes of central New York , 1981 .

[47]  K. Cleve,et al.  Evidence of temperature control of production and nutrient cycling in two interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems , 1981 .

[48]  L. Oksanen,et al.  Exploitation Ecosystems in Gradients of Primary Productivity , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[49]  J. Silander,et al.  Analysis of interspecific interactions in a coastal plant community—a perturbation approach , 1982, Nature.

[50]  P. Miller.  Environmental and vegetational variation across a snow accumulation area in montane tundra in central Alaska , 1982 .

[51]  Sandra Brown,et al.  The Storage and Production of Organic Matter in Tropical Forests and Their Role in the Global Carbon Cycle , 1982 .

[52]  D. Tilman.  Resource competition and community structure. , 1983, Monographs in population biology.

[53]  K. Giller,et al.  Species Richness of Herbaceous Fen Vegetation in Broadland, Norfolk in Relation to the Quantity of Above-Ground Plant Material , 1982 .

[54]  M. Willig,et al.  Randomness, Area, and Species Richness , 1982 .

[55]  H. Johnson,et al.  The Mojave Desert , 1982 .

[56]  S. Jonasson.  Organic matter and phytomass on three north Swedish tundra sites, and some connections with adjacent tundra areas. , 1982 .

[57]  B. Sharma.  Plant biomass in the semi-arid zone of India , 1982 .

[58]  Christian Floret,et al.  Measurement and modelling of primary production and water use in a south Tunisian steppe , 1982 .

[59]  R. Wiegert,et al.  Productivity Gradients in Salt Marshes: The Response of Spartina Alterniflora to Experimentally Manipulated Soil Water Movement , 1983 .

[60]  Leslie A. Viereck,et al.  Productivity and nutrient cycling in taiga forest ecosystems , 1983 .

[61]  Fred L. Bunnell,et al.  An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska.@@@Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis. , 1982 .

[62]  O. Lange.  Ecosystem processes : mineral cycling, productivity and man's influence , 1983 .

[63]  Leslie A. Viereck,et al.  Vegetation, soils, and forest productivity in selected forest types in interior Alaska , 1983 .

[64]  E. Medina,et al.  Productivity of Tropical Forests and Tropical Woodlands , 1983 .

[65]  Leslie A. Viereck,et al.  Taiga Ecosystems in Interior Alaska , 1983 .

[66]  William K. Lauenroth,et al.  PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND ABIOTIC CONTROLS IN FORESTS, GRASSLANDS, AND DESERT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES' , 1983 .

[67]  J. Svoboda,et al.  Polar deserts, their plant cover and plant production in the Canadian High Arctic , 1984 .

[68]  Le Houérou,et al.  Rain use efficiency: a unifying concept in arid-land ecology , 1984 .

[69]  Plant communities and plant production in the western Queen Elizabeth Islands , 1984 .

[70]  J. F. Fox.  PLANT DIVERSITY IN RELATION TO PLANT PRODUCTION AND DISTURBANCE BY VOLES IN ALASKAN TUNDRA COMMUNIlIES , 1985 .

[71]  A. Shmida,et al.  Biological determinants of species diversity , 1985 .

[72]  Stephen P. Ellner,et al.  Coexistence of plant species with similar niches , 1984, Vegetatio.

[73]  M. Bertness.  Fiddler Crab Regulation of Spartina alterniflora Production on a New England Salt Marsh , 1985 .

[74]  P. G. Murphy,et al.  Ecology of Tropical Dry Forest , 1986 .

[75]  B. Freedman,et al.  Effects of fertilization on three tundra plant communities of a polar desert oasis , 1986 .

[76]  C. Schwalbe,et al.  The Chihuahuan Desert. , 1986 .

[77]  Leslie A. Viereck,et al.  Forest Ecosystem Distribution in the Taiga Environment , 1986 .

[78]  P. Hebert,et al.  Patterns in the Composition of Arctic Tundra Pond Microcrustacean Communities , 1986 .

[79]  R. Jefferies,et al.  Changes in the composition and standing crop of salt-marsh communities in response to the removal of a grazer , 1986 .

[80]  M. Begon,et al.  Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities , 1986 .

[81]  J. Yarie,et al.  Interaction of Temperature, Moisture, and Soil Chemistry in Controlling Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Development in the Taiga of Alaska , 1986 .

[82]  W. Oechel,et al.  The Role of Bryophytes in Nutrient Cycling in the Taiga , 1986 .

[83]  Pattern and process in desert ecosystems , 1986 .

[84]  Aaron M. Ellison,et al.  Determinants of Pattern in a New England Salt Marsh Plant Community , 1987 .

[85]  D. Tilman,et al.  Old‐Field Succession on a Minnesota Sand Plain , 1987 .

[86]  S. Dodson.  Animal Assemblages in Temporary Desert Rock Pools: Aspects of the Ecology of Dasyhelea sublettei (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) , 1987, Journal of the North American Benthological Society.

[87]  David Tilman,et al.  Secondary Succession and the Pattern of Plant Dominance Along Experimental Nitrogen Gradients , 1987 .

[88]  D. Weems,et al.  Effects of Different Patterns of Supplemental Water and Nitrogen Fertilization on Productivity and Composition of Chihuahuan Desert Annual Plants , 1988 .

[89]  A. Gentry,et al.  Changes in Plant Community Diversity and Floristic Composition on Environmental and Geographical Gradients , 1988 .

[90]  L. Oksanen.  Ecosystem Organization: Mutualism and Cybernetics or Plain Darwinian Struggle for Existence? , 1988, The American Naturalist.

[91]  P. Keddy,et al.  Species richness, survivorship, and biomass accumulation along an environmemtal gradient , 1988 .

[92]  Paul A. Keddy,et al.  FERTILITY AND DISTURBANCE GRADIENTS: A SUMMARY MODEL FOR RIVERINE MARSH VEGETATION' , 1988 .

[93]  W. Odum.  COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY OF TIDAL FRESHWATER AND SALT MARSHES , 1988 .

[94]  F. Chapin,et al.  Productivity and Nutrient Cycling of Alaskan Tundra: Enhancement by Flowing Soil Water , 1988 .

[95]  P. Abrams.  Resource Productivity-Consumer Species Diversity: Simple Models of Competition in Spatially Heterogeneous Environments , 1988 .

[96]  Effects of water, nitrogen and sulfur amendments on cover, density and size of Chihuahuan Desert ephemerals , 1989 .

[97]  John Vandermeer,et al.  The Ecology of Intercropping by John H. Vandermeer , 1989 .

[98]  P. Keddy,et al.  Species richness – standing crop relationships along four lakeshore gradients: constraints on the general model , 1989 .

[99]  I. Mendelssohn,et al.  Response of a freshwater marsh plant community to increased salinity and increased water level , 1989 .

[100]  G. Jacobson,et al.  Variability of vegetation in tidal marshes of Maine, U.S.A. , 1989 .

[101]  Interaction between moisture, nutrients and growth of white spruce in interior Alaska. , 1990 .

[102]  Paul A. Keddy,et al.  13 – Competitive Hierarchies and Centrifugal Organization in Plant Communities , 1990 .

[103]  Effects of nutrients and water levels on species composition in prairie whitetop (Scolochloa festucacea) marshes , 1990 .

[104]  H. Henttonen,et al.  Demography and Resource Use by Microtine Rodents Near Toolik Lake, Alaska, U.S.A. , 1990, Arctic and Alpine Research.

[105]  K. Patalas.  Diversity of the zooplankton communities in Canadian lakes as a function of climate , 1990 .

[106]  T. Miller,et al.  Effects of Different Resource Additions of Species Diversity in an Annual Plant Community , 1990 .

[107]  David S. Hik,et al.  Increases in the net above-ground primary production of a salt marsh forage grass: a test of the predictions of the herbivore-optimization model. , 1990 .

[108]  C. Neill.  Effects of nutrients and water levels on emergent macrophyte biomass in a prairie marsh , 1990 .

[109]  J. Morris,et al.  Effects of Nitrogen Loading on Wetland Ecosystems with Particular Reference to Atmospheric Deposition , 1991 .

[110]  P. Keddy,et al.  A model of species density in shoreline vegetation , 1991 .

[111]  Leslie A. Viereck,et al.  ELEMENT CYCLING IN TAIGA FORESTS : STATE-FACTOR CONTROL , 1991 .

[112]  S. Shaw,et al.  ABOVE-GROUND CROP MASS AND SPECIES RICHNESS OF THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF HERBACEOUS RICH-FEN VEGETATION OF LOWLAND ENGLAND AND WALES , 1991 .

[113]  M. Bertness.  Interspecific Interactions among High Marsh Perennials in a New England Salt Marsh , 1991 .

[114]  M. Bertness.  Zonation of Spartina Patens and Spartina Alterniflora in New England Salt Marsh , 1991 .

[115]  F. Chapin,et al.  Production: Biomass Relationships and Element Cycling in Contrasting Arctic Vegetation Types , 1991 .

[116]  S. Pennings,et al.  Salt Marsh Plant Zonation: The Relative Importance of Competition and Physical Factors , 1992 .

[117]  S. Dodson.  Predicting crustacean zooplankton species richness , 1992 .

[118]  M. Rosenzweig.  Species Diversity Gradients: We Know More and Less Than We Thought , 1992 .

[119]  W. D. Billings.  5 – Phytogeographic and Evolutionary Potential of the Arctic Flora and Vegetation in a Changing Climate , 1992 .

[120]  S. Jonasson.  Plant responses to fertilization and species removal in tundra related to community structure and clonality. , 1992 .

[121]  S. Nilsson,et al.  Conservation of Plant and Animal Populations in Theory and Practice , 1992 .

[122]  B. Walker.  Biodiversity and Ecological Redundancy , 1992 .

[123]  N. Matveyeva,et al.  4 – Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation , 1992 .

[124]  Leslie A. Viereck,et al.  Climate of the Tanana River floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska , 1993 .

[125]  David Tilman,et al.  The maintenance of species richness in plant communities , 1993 .

[126]  P. Grillas,et al.  The effect of salinity on the dominance‐diversity relations of experimental coastal macrophyte communities , 1993 .

[127]  H. William Hunt,et al.  Influence of Productivity on the Stability of Real and Model Ecosystems , 1993, Science.

[128]  C. T. Dyrness,et al.  Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in successional ecosystems on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska , 1993 .

[129]  M. Rosenzweig,et al.  How are diversity and productivity related , 1993 .

[130]  L. García,et al.  Above-ground biomass and species richness in a mediterranean salt-marsh. , 1993 .

[131]  Brian A. Maurer,et al.  Energy supply and patterns of species richness on local and regional scales , 1993 .

[132]  G. Shaver,et al.  Vertebrate Herbivores and Northern Plant Communities: Reciprocal Influences and Responses , 1994 .

[133]  G. Henry,et al.  Patterns of Plant Distribution within Two Polar Desert Landscapes , 1994 .

[134]  D. DeAngelis,et al.  Competition and Coexistence: The Effects of Resource Transport and Supply Rates , 1994, The American Naturalist.

[135]  John H. Lawton,et al.  What Do Species Do in Ecosystems , 1994 .

[136]  J. Downing,et al.  Biodiversity and stability in grasslands , 1996, Nature.

[137]  J. M. Anderson,et al.  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Agricultural Systems , 1994 .

[138]  James B. Grace,et al.  The relationship between species richness and community biomass: the importance of environmental variables. , 1994 .

[139]  H. Mooney,et al.  Ecosystem Function of Biodiversity: A Summary , 1994 .

[140]  J. Lawton,et al.  Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems , 1994, Nature.

[141]  O. Phillips,et al.  Dynamics and species richness of tropical rain forests. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[142]  A. Magurran,et al.  Biological diversity : the coexistence of species on changing landscapes , 1994 .

[143]  M. Rosenzweig,et al.  Species Diversity in Space and Time , 1995 .

[144]  J. Lawton,et al.  Empirical Evidence that Declining Species Diversity May Alter the Performance of Terrestrial Ecosystems , 1995 .

[145]  F. Stuart Chapin,et al.  Responses of Arctic Tundra to Experimental and Observed Changes in Climate , 1995 .

[146]  W. Gold,et al.  Water Limitations and Plant Community Development in a Polar Desert , 1995 .

[147]  James H. Brown,et al.  Diversity of animal communities on southwestern rangelands: Species patterns, habitat relationships, and land management , 1995 .

[148]  P. Abrams.  Monotonic or unimodal diversity-productivity gradients : what does competition theory predict? , 1995 .

[149]  A. J. Willis.  Ecological understanding. The nature of theory and the theory of nature , 1995 .

[150]  M. D. Walker,et al.  Patterns and Causes of Arctic Plant Community Diversity , 1995 .

[151]  H. Erickson,et al.  Species-Area Curves and Diversity-Productivity Relationships in Beaver Meadows of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, USA , 1996 .

[152]  J. Agard,et al.  The relation between productivity, disturbance and the biodiversity of Caribbean phytoplankton: applicability of Huston's dynamic equilibrium model , 1996 .

[153]  L. Gough.  Plant Species Diversity and Community Structure in a Louisiana Coastal Marsh. , 1996 .

[154]  Ecological Communities and Processes in a Mojave Desert Ecosystem: Rock Valley, Nevada: Nitrogen cycling , 1996 .

[155]  J. Huisman,et al.  Patterns of Herbivory Along a Prouductivity Gradient: An Empirical and Theoretical Investigation , 1996 .

[156]  Mathew A. Leibold,et al.  A Graphical Model of Keystone Predators in Food Webs: Trophic Regulation of Abundance, Incidence, and Diversity Patterns in Communities , 1996, The American Naturalist.

[157]  K. Nadelhoffer,et al.  Changes in Live Plant Biomass, Primary Production, and Species Composition along a Riverside Toposequence in Arctic Alaska, U.S.A. , 1996 .

[158]  O. Schmitz,et al.  Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems. , 1996, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[159]  On the relationship between plant species diversity and biomass : a comment on a paper by Gough, Grace and Taylor , 1996 .

[160]  R. Ruess,et al.  Contributions of fine root production and turnover to the carbon and nitrogen cycling in taiga forests of the Alaskan interior , 1996 .

[161]  Philip W. Rundel,et al.  Ecological Communities and Processes in a Mojave Desert Ecosystem: Rock Valley, Nevada , 1996 .

[162]  John H. Lawton,et al.  Biodiversity and plant productivity in a model assemblage of plant species , 1996 .

[163]  Mark A. Ford.  Impacts of Fire and Vertebrate Herbivores on Plant Community Characteristics and Soil Processes in a Coastal Marsh of Eastern Louisiana, United States of America. , 1996 .

[164]  D. Tilman,et al.  Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems , 1996, Nature.

[165]  Mark V. Lomolino,et al.  Species Diversity in Space and Time. , 1996 .

[166]  Jill McGrady-Steed,et al.  Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability , 1997, Nature.

[167]  P. Vitousek,et al.  The Effects of Plant Composition and Diversity on Ecosystem Processes , 1997 .

[168]  P. D. J. Anderson,et al.  Physiological Ecology of North American Desert Plants , 1996, Adaptations of Desert Organisms.

[169]  James B. Grace,et al.  A Structural Equation Model of Plant Species Richness and Its Application to a Coastal Wetland , 1997, The American Naturalist.

[170]  David A. Wardle,et al.  Biodiversity and Plant Litter: Experimental Evidence Which Does Not Support the View That Enhanced Species Richness Improves Ecosystem Function , 1997 .

[171]  D. Tilman,et al.  Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: theoretical considerations. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[172]  L. Aarssen.  High productivity in grassland ecosystems : effected by species diversity or productive species ? , 1997 .

[173]  Michael A. Huston,et al.  Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity , 1997, Oecologia.

[174]  Will Steffen,et al.  Ecosystem consequences of changing biodiversity , 1998 .

[175]  T. Callaghan,et al.  PLANT COMMUNITY RESPONSES TO SIMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AT A HIGH ARCTIC POLAR SEMI-DESERT , 1998 .

[176]  Q. Guo,et al.  SPECIES RICHNESS AND BIOMASS: DISSECTION OF THE HUMP-SHAPED RELATIONSHIPS , 1998 .

[177]  D. Doak,et al.  The Statistical Inevitability of Stability‐Diversity Relationships in Community Ecology , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[178]  E. Rastetter,et al.  BIOMASS AND CO2 FLUX IN WET SEDGE TUNDRAS: RESPONSES TO NUTRIENTS, TEMPERATURE, AND LIGHT , 1998 .

[179]  D. Tilman,et al.  Diversity‐Stability Relationships: Statistical Inevitability or Ecological Consequence? , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[180]  Michel Loreau,et al.  Separating sampling and other effects in biodiversity experiments , 1998 .

[181]  A. Hector.  The effect of diversity on productivity : detecting the role of species complementarity , 1998 .

[182]  J. Grace,et al.  Effects of vertebrate herbivores on soil processes, plant biomass, litter accumulation and soil elevation changes in a coastal marsh , 1998 .

[183]  J. Bryant,et al.  REGULATION OF FINE ROOT DYNAMICS BY MAMMALIAN BROWSERS IN EARLY SUCCESSIONAL ALASKAN TAIGA FORESTS , 1998 .

[184]  J. Grace,et al.  Herbivore effects on plant species density at varying productivity levels , 1998 .

[185]  D. Tilman,et al.  Species loss and ecosystem functioning : effects of species identity and community composition , 1998 .

[186]  D. Hooper.  THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY AND COMPETITION IN ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES TO VARIATION IN PLANT DIVERSITY , 1998 .

[187]  James B. Grace,et al.  The factors controlling species density in herbaceous plant communities: an assessment , 1999 .

[188]  S. K. Lyons,et al.  A HEMISPHERIC ASSESSMENT OF SCALE DEPENDENCE IN LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS OF SPECIES RICHNESS , 1999 .

[189]  K. L. Cottingham,et al.  THE RELATIONSHIP IN LAKE COMMUNITIES BETWEEN PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND SPECIES RICHNESS , 2000 .

[190]  G. Shaver,et al.  Productivity of Arctic Ecosystems , 2001 .

[191]  W. L..  Resource manipulations in natural vegetation : a review , 2022 .