SEACAS Theory Manuals: Part III. Finite Element Analysis in Nonlinear Solid Mechanics

This report outlines the application of finite element methodology to large deformation solid mechanics problems, detailing also some of the key technological issues that effective finite element formulations must address. The presentation is organized into three major portions: first, a discussion of finite element discretization from the global point of view, emphasizing the relationship between a virtual work principle and the associated fully discrete system, second, a discussion of finite element technology, emphasizing the important theoretical and practical features associated with an individual finite element; and third, detailed description of specific elements that enjoy widespread use, providing some examples of the theoretical ideas already described. Descriptions of problem formulation in nonlinear solid mechanics, nonlinear continuum mechanics, and constitutive modeling are given in three companion reports.

[1]  A. Rajendran,et al.  Dynamic Constitutive/Failure Models , 1988 .

[2]  C. M. Stone,et al.  A vectroized elastic/plastic power law hardening material model including Lueders strain , 1990 .

[3]  A. Maradudin,et al.  An Introduction To Applied Anisotropic Elasticity , 1961 .

[4]  W. Benz Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics: A Review , 1990 .

[5]  Thomas J. R. Hughes,et al.  Improved numerical dissipation for time integration algorithms in structural dynamics , 1977 .

[6]  J. Monaghan,et al.  Shock simulation by the particle method SPH , 1983 .

[7]  Y. Fung A first course in continuum mechanics /2nd edition/ , 1977 .

[8]  L. E. Malvern Introduction to the mechanics of a continuous medium , 1969 .

[9]  T. A. Duffey,et al.  Non-normal impact of earth penetrators , 1996 .

[10]  Gregory D. Sjaardema Overview of the Sandia National Laboratories Engineering Analysis Code Access System , 1999 .

[11]  R. D. Richtmyer,et al.  Difference methods for initial-value problems , 1959 .

[12]  L. Lucy A numerical approach to the testing of the fission hypothesis. , 1977 .

[13]  J. Lysmer,et al.  Finite Dynamic Model for Infinite Media , 1969 .

[14]  J. H. Biffle,et al.  WULFF: a set of computer programs for the large displacement dynamic response of three-dimensional solids , 1976 .

[15]  R. D. Mindlin,et al.  Influence of rotary inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates , 1951 .

[16]  B. S. Altman,et al.  An empirical equation for penetration depth of ogive-nose projectiles into concrete targets , 1994 .

[17]  Melanie L. Lenard Convergence conditions for restarted conjugate gradient methods with inaccurate line searches , 1976, Math. Program..

[18]  Mark L. Wilkins,et al.  Impact of cylinders on a rigid boundary , 1973 .

[19]  D. P. Flanagan,et al.  GENESIS finite element mesh file format , 1986 .

[20]  Joel S. Kuszmaul A Technique For Predicting Fragmentation And Fragment Sizes Resulting From Rock Blasting , 1987 .

[21]  D. B. Jr. Longcope,et al.  Oblique penetration modeling and correlation with field tests into a soil target , 1996 .

[22]  R. Ogden Recent Advances in the Phenomenological Theory of Rubber Elasticity , 1986 .

[23]  P. Alart,et al.  A generalized Newton method for contact problems with friction , 1988 .

[24]  R. F. Kulak,et al.  Accurate Numerical Solutions for Elastic-Plastic Models , 1979 .

[25]  M. J. D. Powell,et al.  Restart procedures for the conjugate gradient method , 1977, Math. Program..

[26]  Peter Wriggers,et al.  A note on finite‐element implementation of pressure boundary loading , 1991 .

[27]  Ted Belytschko,et al.  Eigenvalues and Stable Time Steps for the Uniform Strain Hexahedron and Quadrilateral , 1984 .

[28]  G. Johnson,et al.  A discussion of stress rates in finite deformation problems , 1984 .

[29]  Edward L. Wilson,et al.  Numerical methods in finite element analysis , 1976 .

[30]  Peter G. Bergmann,et al.  Non-Linear Field Theories , 1949 .

[31]  Joseph J Monaghan,et al.  An introduction to SPH , 1987 .

[32]  Donald C. Bogue,et al.  The extensional and failure properties of polymer melts , 1975 .

[33]  L. Taylor,et al.  A finite element model for the analysis of tailored pulse stimulation of boreholes , 1983 .

[34]  C. M. Reeves,et al.  Function minimization by conjugate gradients , 1964, Comput. J..

[35]  James L. White,et al.  Investigation of failure during elongational flow of polymer melts , 1977 .

[36]  B. M. Dobratz,et al.  LLNL Explosives Handbook, Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants , 1985 .

[37]  Ted Belytschko,et al.  A three-dimensional impact-penetration algorithm with erosion , 1987 .

[38]  T. L. Warren,et al.  Effects of strain hardening and strain-rate sensitivity on the penetration of aluminum targets with spherical-nosed rods , 1998 .

[39]  James L. White,et al.  Experimental study of elongational flow and failure of polymer melts , 1978 .

[40]  Anil Chaudhary,et al.  A solution method for static and dynamic analysis of three-dimensional contact problems with friction , 1986 .

[41]  J. Monaghan Particle methods for hydrodynamics , 1985 .

[42]  Sjaardema GJOIN: A program for merging two or more GENESIS databases , 1992 .

[43]  M. J. Forrestal,et al.  Penetration of 6061-T651 Aluminum Targets With Rigid Long Rods , 1988 .

[44]  C. Y. Cheung,et al.  Experimental study of pure bitumens in tension, compression, and shear , 1997 .

[45]  M. E. Kipp,et al.  Numerical studies of rock fragmentation , 1980 .

[46]  C. M. Stone,et al.  SANCHO: a finite element computer program for the quasistatic, large deformation, inelastic response of two-dimensional solids , 1985 .

[47]  G. D. Sjaardema GENSHELL: A genesis database 2D to 3D shell transformation program , 1993 .

[48]  S. Timoshenko,et al.  Theory of Elasticity (3rd ed.) , 1970 .

[49]  W. Drugan,et al.  Theory of plasticity , 1987 .

[50]  J. Monaghan,et al.  Kernel estimates as a basis for general particle methods in hydrodynamics , 1982 .

[51]  H. Parisch A consistent tangent stiffness matrix for three‐dimensional non‐linear contact analysis , 1989 .

[52]  A. Douglas,et al.  Finite elements for structural analysis , 1983 .

[53]  Sjaardema NUMBERS: A collection of utilities for pre- and postprocessing two- and three-dimensional EXODUS finite element models , 1989 .

[54]  W. Wunderlich,et al.  Mechanics of Structures. Variational and Computational Methods , 1993 .

[55]  D. Flanagan,et al.  PRONTO 3D: A three-dimensional transient solid dynamics program , 1989 .

[56]  R. Taylor,et al.  Lagrange constraints for transient finite element surface contact , 1991 .

[57]  L. M. Taylor,et al.  Some computational aspects of large deformation, rate-dependent plasticity problems , 1983 .

[58]  Peter Wriggers,et al.  A note on tangent stiffness for fully nonlinear contact problems , 1985 .

[59]  V. K. Luk,et al.  An analytical model on penetration of eroding long rods into metallic targets , 1991 .

[60]  Richard Chait,et al.  Factors influencing the strength differential of high strength steels , 1972 .

[61]  Francis H. Harlow,et al.  PIC and its progeny , 1987 .

[62]  D. Owen,et al.  A combined finite‐discrete element method in transient dynamics of fracturing solids , 1995 .

[63]  K. Metzinger,et al.  Bobbin stresses generated by wire winding , 1991 .

[64]  J. C. Simo,et al.  Algorithms for static and dynamic multiplicative plasticity that preserve the classical return mapping schemes of the infinitesimal theory , 1992 .

[65]  Nathan M. Newmark,et al.  A Method of Computation for Structural Dynamics , 1959 .

[66]  Thomas L. Geers,et al.  Excitation of a fluid‐filled, submerged spherical shell by a transient acoustic wave , 1993 .

[67]  Y. Fung Foundations of solid mechanics , 1965 .

[68]  J. Oden,et al.  Contact Problems in Elasticity: A Study of Variational Inequalities and Finite Element Methods , 1987 .

[69]  L. P. Bindeman,et al.  Assumed strain stabilization of the eight node hexahedral element , 1993 .

[70]  G. Strang,et al.  The solution of nonlinear finite element equations , 1979 .

[71]  J. H. Biffle JAC3D -- A three-dimensional finite element computer program for the nonlinear quasi-static response of solids with the conjugate gradient method; Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project , 1993 .

[72]  W. D. Wightman Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , 1961, Nature.

[73]  W. C. Mills-Curran,et al.  SUPES: a Software Utilities Package for the Engineering Sciences , 1986 .

[74]  M. Gurtin,et al.  An introduction to continuum mechanics , 1981 .

[75]  W. Benz,et al.  Applications of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) to astrophysical problems , 1987 .

[76]  Mary L. Boas,et al.  Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences , 1968 .

[77]  S. Onogi,et al.  Extensional and Fractural Properties of Concentrated Solutions of Monodisperse Polystyrene at Elevated Temperatures , 1976 .

[78]  B. J. Thorne A damage model for rock fragmentation and comparison of calculations with blasting experiments in granite , 1990 .

[79]  J. O. Hallquist,et al.  User's manual for DYNA2D: an explicit two-dimensional hydrodynamic finite-element code with interactive rezoning , 1982 .

[80]  R. Landel,et al.  The Strain‐Energy Function of a Hyperelastic Material in Terms of the Extension Ratios , 1967 .

[81]  Samuel W. Key,et al.  HONDO II: a finite element computer program for the large deformation dynamic response of axisymmetric solids. [HONDO] , 1978 .

[82]  T. Belytschko,et al.  A uniform strain hexahedron and quadrilateral with orthogonal hourglass control , 1981 .

[83]  E. Lee,et al.  JWL equation of state coefficients for high explosives , 1973 .

[84]  Lawrence D. Cloutman,et al.  An evaluation of smoothed particle hydrodynamics , 1991 .

[85]  D. Grady,et al.  Strain-rate dependent fracture initiation , 1980 .

[86]  J. Daniel,et al.  A conjugate gradient approach to nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems in irregular regions , 1974 .

[87]  D. Tzou,et al.  A spherical cavity-expansion penetration model for concrete targets , 1997 .

[88]  Dimitri P. Bertsekas,et al.  Constrained Optimization and Lagrange Multiplier Methods , 1982 .

[89]  T. Hughes,et al.  Finite rotation effects in numerical integration of rate constitutive equations arising in large‐deformation analysis , 1980 .

[90]  Richard W. Connelly,et al.  The Use of Extensional Rheometry to Establish Operating Parameters for Stretching Processes , 1982 .

[91]  Ted Belytschko,et al.  Eigenvalues and stable time steps for the bilinear Mindlin plate element , 1985 .

[92]  Sia Nemat-Nasser,et al.  Phenomenological modelling of rate-dependent plasticity for high strain rate problems , 1989 .

[93]  J. Oden,et al.  Contact problems in elasticity , 1988 .

[94]  Brian W. Kernighan,et al.  The C Programming Language , 1978 .

[95]  Noboru Kikuchi,et al.  Penalty/finite-element approximations of a class of unilateral problems in linear elasticity , 1981 .

[96]  C. M. Stone,et al.  SANTOS - a two-dimensional finite element program for the quasistatic, large deformation, inelastic response of solids , 1997 .

[97]  B. Budiansky,et al.  Elastic moduli of a cracked solid , 1976 .

[98]  A. H. Marchertas,et al.  Nonlinear Finite-Element Method for Plates and Its Application to Dynamic Response of Reactor Fuel Subassemblies , 1974 .

[99]  David J. Goodman,et al.  Personal Communications , 1994, Mobile Communications.

[100]  R. Glowinski,et al.  Augmented Lagrangian and Operator-Splitting Methods in Nonlinear Mechanics , 1987 .

[101]  David J. Benson,et al.  A single surface contact algorithm for the post-buckling analysis of shell structures , 1990 .

[102]  J. C. Simo,et al.  A continuum-based finite element formulation for the implicit solution of multibody, large deformation-frictional contact problems , 1993 .

[103]  M. J. Forrestal,et al.  Penetration of concrete targets with ogive-nose steel rods , 1998 .

[104]  M. J. Forrestal,et al.  Penetration of Strain-Hardening Targets With Rigid Spherical-Nose Rods , 1991 .

[105]  J. Monaghan Why Particle Methods Work , 1982 .

[106]  John E. Dennis,et al.  Numerical methods for unconstrained optimization and nonlinear equations , 1983, Prentice Hall series in computational mathematics.

[107]  A. Malkin,et al.  Some conditions for rupture of polymer liquids in extension , 1997 .

[108]  H. D. Hibbitt,et al.  Finite element analysis of sheet forming processes , 1990 .

[109]  H. S. Morgan,et al.  A phenomenological constitutive model for low density polyurethane foams , 1987 .

[110]  R. G. Whirley,et al.  An assessment of numerical algorithms for plane stress and shell elastoplasticity on supercomputers , 1989 .

[111]  P. Wriggers,et al.  FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION OF LARGE DEFORMATION IMPACT-CONTACT PROBLEMS WITH FRICTION , 1990 .

[112]  J. J. Anza,et al.  A mixed finite element model for the elastic contact problem , 1989 .

[113]  J. C. Simo,et al.  Consistent tangent operators for rate-independent elastoplasticity☆ , 1985 .

[114]  M. J. Forrestal,et al.  Penetration into soil targets , 1992 .

[115]  R. D. Krieg,et al.  Accuracies of Numerical Solution Methods for the Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Model , 1977 .

[116]  J. T. Holden On the finite deflections of thin beams , 1972 .

[117]  Mark O. Neal,et al.  Contact‐impact by the pinball algorithm with penalty and Lagrangian methods , 1991 .

[118]  A. Giannakopoulos The return mapping method for the integration of friction constitutive relations , 1989 .

[119]  M. E. Kipp,et al.  WONDY V: a one-dimensional finite-difference wave-propagation code , 1982 .

[120]  J. W. Swegle,et al.  Stabilizing S.P.H. with conservative smoothing , 1994 .

[121]  R. G. Whirley,et al.  DYNA3D example problem manual , 1990 .

[122]  R. Hill The mathematical theory of plasticity , 1950 .

[123]  J. C. Simo,et al.  Associated coupled thermoplasticity at finite strains: formulation, numerical analysis and implementation , 1992 .

[124]  J. M. Kennedy,et al.  Hourglass control in linear and nonlinear problems , 1983 .

[125]  Jerrold E. Marsden,et al.  The Hamiltonian structure of nonlinear elasticity: The material and convective representations of solids, rods, and plates , 1988 .

[126]  P. Perzyna Fundamental Problems in Viscoplasticity , 1966 .

[127]  M. Hestenes,et al.  Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems , 1952 .

[128]  D. Flanagan,et al.  An accurate numerical algorithm for stress integration with finite rotations , 1987 .

[129]  S. J. Plimpton,et al.  Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Short-Range Force Systems on 1024-Node Hypercubes , 1990, Proceedings of the Fifth Distributed Memory Computing Conference, 1990..

[130]  D. L. Hicks,et al.  Stability analysis of WONDY (a hydrocode based on the artificial viscosity method of von Neumann and Richtmyer) for a special case of Maxwell’s law , 1978 .

[131]  Jerry I. Lin,et al.  Explicit algorithms for the nonlinear dynamics of shells , 1984 .

[132]  Larry D. Libersky,et al.  Smooth particle hydrodynamics with strength of materials , 1991 .

[133]  C. Kelley Iterative Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Equations , 1987 .

[134]  Tod A. Laursen,et al.  The convected description in large deformation frictional contact problems , 1994 .

[135]  L. M. Taylor,et al.  Microcrack-induced damage accumulation in brittle rock under dynamic loading , 1986 .

[137]  Clifford Ambrose Truesdell,et al.  A first course in rational continuum mechanics , 1976 .

[138]  A. Mendelson Plasticity: Theory and Application , 1968 .

[139]  Al Young Providence, Rhode Island , 1975 .

[140]  Amy P. Gilkey,et al.  ALGEBRA — A Program That Algebraically Manipulates the Output of a Finite Element Analysis (EXODUS Version) , 2000 .

[141]  J. C. Simo,et al.  Algorithmic symmetrization of coulomb frictional problems using augmented lagrangians , 1993 .

[142]  D. B. Longcope,et al.  Penetration into ductile metal targets with rigid spherical-nose rods , 1995 .

[143]  J. C. Simo,et al.  A perturbed Lagrangian formulation for the finite element solution of contact problems , 1985 .

[144]  Z. Mroz,et al.  Associated and non-associated sliding rules in contact friction problems. , 1978 .

[145]  J. Daniel The Conjugate Gradient Method for Linear and Nonlinear Operator Equations , 1967 .

[146]  V. Rich Personal communication , 1989, Nature.

[147]  R. D. Richtmyer,et al.  A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic Shocks , 1950 .

[148]  T. Belytschko,et al.  Large displacement, transient analysis of space frames , 1977 .

[149]  J. M. Crissman,et al.  Creep failure and fracture of polyethylene in uniaxial extension , 1979 .

[150]  J. Dienes On the analysis of rotation and stress rate in deforming bodies , 1979 .

[151]  H. Huang Transient Interaction of Plane Acoustic Waves with a Spherical Elastic Shell , 1969 .

[152]  David J. Benson,et al.  Sliding interfaces with contact-impact in large-scale Lagrangian computations , 1985 .

[153]  L. A. Schoof,et al.  EXODUS II: A finite element data model , 1994 .