Prior experience and expectation in the context of crowding

Experience and expectations have been found to influence judgments of settings and stimuli. M. Manis and J. Paskewitz's (1984a) social judgment model predicts separate paths of influence for comparison standards and expectations based on experience. This research was extended by manipulating both expectancy and prior experience in the context of crowding. Groups of male Ss worked together in a high- or low-density environment. Half the groups expected that their next work setting would be high density and half low density. The next setting was high density for half the groups and low density for the remaining groups. The Manis-Paskewitz model did not predict the results