4D printing : towards biomimetic additive manufacturing

Inherent across all scales in Nature's material systems are multiple design dimensions, the existences of which are products of both evolution and environment. In human manufacturing where design must be preconceived and deliberate, static artifacts with no variation of function across directions, distances or time fail to capture many of these dimensions. Inspired by Nature's ability to generate complex structures and responses to external constraints through adaptation, "4D printing" addresses additive fabrication of artifacts with one or more additional design dimension, such as material variation over distance or direction and response or adaptation over time. This work presents and evaluates a series of enabling explorations into the material, time and information dimensions of additive manufacturing: a variable elasticity rapid prototyping platform and an approach towards Digital Anisotropy, a variable impedance prosthetic socket (VTS) as a case study of interfaces between nature and manufacture, CNSilk as an example of on-demand material generation in freeform tensile fabrication, and Material DNA as an exploration into embedded spatio-temporal content variation. This work was supported in part by NSF EAGER grant award #1152550 "BioBeams: Functionally Graded Rapid Design & Fabrication", VA contract # VA118-12C-0040, and the Media Lab Consortium. Thesis Advisor: Dr. Neri Oxman Title: Assistant Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, Program in Media Arts and Sciences 4D Printing: Towards Biomimetic Additive Manufacturing Elizabeth Yinling Tsai Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences, School of Architecture and Planning, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Media Arts & Science

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