Increasing amperometric biosensor sensitivity by length fractionated single-walled carbon nanotubes.

In this work the sensitivity-increasing effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in amperometric biosensors, depending on their average length distribution, was studied. For this purpose the SWCNTs were oxidatively shortened and subsequently length separated by size exclusion chromatography. Transmission electron micrographs of different fractions of SWCNTs were collected. Diaphorase "wired" to an osmium redox polymer was blended with the shortened SWCNTs of different lengths. Depending on the average length of the SWCNTs the sensitivity of the amperometric biosensor model system towards oxidation of 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was increased by a factor of five. The best performance was achieved with SWCNTs of medium length. The linear range for NADH detection was between 5 microM and 7 mM, the maximum sensitivity was 47 nA microM(-1) cm(-2), and the detection limit was 1 microM. The biosensor exhibited excellent electrocatalytic properties. Even at relatively high NADH concentrations the oxidative current was limited by the diffusion rate of NADH.

[1]  James F Rusling,et al.  Mediated amperometric immunosensing using single walled carbon nanotube forests. , 2004, The Analyst.

[2]  P. Ugo,et al.  3D-Ensembles of Gold Nanowires: Preparation, Characterization and Electroanalytical Peculiarities , 2007 .

[3]  Richard G Compton,et al.  Iron oxide particles are the active sites for hydrogen peroxide sensing at multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrodes. , 2006, Nano letters.

[4]  A Heller,et al.  Glucose electrodes based on cross-linked [Os(bpy)2Cl]+/2+ complexed poly(1-vinylimidazole) films. , 1993, Analytical chemistry.

[5]  Jun Xu,et al.  The Synergistic Effect of Prussian‐Blue‐Grafted Carbon Nanotube/Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Composites for Amperometric Sensing , 2007 .

[6]  Adam Heller,et al.  Long tethers binding redox centers to polymer backbones enhance electron transport in enzyme "Wiring" hydrogels. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[7]  C. Nakamura,et al.  Electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes–hydrogenase conjugates Langmuir–Blodgett films , 2007 .

[8]  J. Gooding,et al.  Carbon nanotube systems to communicate with enzymes. , 2005, Methods in molecular biology.

[9]  Joseph Wang.  Carbon‐Nanotube Based Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review , 2005 .

[10]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Low-potential stable NADH detection at carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes , 2002 .

[11]  G. Rivas,et al.  Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrodes. A New Alternative for the Development of Electrochemical Sensors , 2007 .

[12]  L. Gorton,et al.  Development of a carbon nanotube paste electrode osmium polymer-mediated biosensor for determination of glucose in alcoholic beverages. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[13]  Itamar Willner,et al.  Long-range electrical contacting of redox enzymes by SWCNT connectors. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[14]  Matthew B. Johnson,et al.  Nanostructured biosensors built by layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly of enzyme-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes and redox polymers. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[15]  Itamar Willner,et al.  NAD+-Dependent Enzyme Electrodes: Electrical Contact of Cofactor-Dependent Enzymes and Electrodes , 1997 .

[16]  Myung Jong Kim,et al.  Macroscopic, Neat, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fibers , 2002, Science.

[17]  S. Yao,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Quinone‐Amine Polymer/Carbon Nanotubes Composite for Sensitive Electrocatalytic Detection of NADH , 2007 .

[18]  Wei‐De Zhang,et al.  Direct Electron Transfer of Glucose Oxidase Molecules Adsorbed onto Carbon Nanotube Powder Microelectrode , 2002, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[19]  T. Ebbesen,et al.  Helical Crystallization of Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes: A First Step towards the Development of New Biosensors. , 1999, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  C. Cai,et al.  Immobilization and characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase on single-walled carbon nanotubes and its application in sensing ethanol , 2007 .

[21]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by Nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[22]  L. Gorton,et al.  Amperometric Biosensors for Detection of Sugars Based on the Electrical Wiring of Different Pyranose Oxidases and Pyranose Dehydrogenases with Osmium Redox Polymer on Graphite Electrodes , 2007 .

[23]  Han Nim Choi,et al.  Amperometric Tyrosinase Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanotube–Titania–Nafion Composite Film , 2007 .

[24]  F C Walsh,et al.  Biofuel cells and their development. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[25]  Suna Timur,et al.  Development of a microbial biosensor based on carbon nanotube (CNT) modified electrodes , 2007 .

[26]  Richard G Compton,et al.  Carbon nanotubes contain metal impurities which are responsible for the "electrocatalysis" seen at some nanotube-modified electrodes. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[27]  Liping Zhang,et al.  A Novel Functionalized Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrode and Its Application in Determination of Dopamine and Uric Acid in the Presence of High Concentrations of Ascorbic Acid , 2007 .

[28]  Jaromir Růžička,et al.  Flow injection analysis , 1981 .

[29]  J. Gooding,et al.  Heterogeneous Electron-Transfer Kinetics for Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and Ferrocene through Alkanethiol Mixed Monolayers on Gold Electrodes , 2004 .

[30]  P. Messersmith,et al.  Nanomaterials: enzymes on nanotubes thwart fouling. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[31]  J. Simpson,et al.  Length-dependent optical effects in single-wall carbon nanotubes. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[32]  Federica Valentini,et al.  Carbon nanotubes as electrode materials for the assembling of new electrochemical biosensors , 2004 .

[33]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Comparison of the Electrochemical Reactivity of Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanotubes from Different Sources , 2005 .

[34]  Adam Heller,et al.  Mechanical and Electrochemical Characteristics of Composites of Wired Glucose Oxidase and Hydrophilic Graphite , 2000 .

[35]  S. Iijima.  Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon , 1991, Nature.

[36]  I. Willner,et al.  Enhanced Bioelectrocatalysis Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)/Polyaniline Hybrid Systems in Thin-Film and Microrod Structures Associated with Electrodes , 2006 .

[37]  Scott Calabrese Barton,et al.  Enzymatic biofuel cells for implantable and microscale devices. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[38]  N. Mano,et al.  Electrodes modified with nitrofluorenone derivatives as a basis for new biosensors. , 2001, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[39]  A. Khlobystov,et al.  Noncovalent interactions of molecules with single walled carbon nanotubes. , 2006, Chemical Society reviews.

[40]  Xiliang Luo,et al.  Reagentless Glucose Biosensor Based on the Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase on Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Electrodes , 2006 .

[41]  Huixin He,et al.  Enhanced sensitivity for biosensors: multiple functions of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes in self-doped polyaniline nanocomposites. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[42]  Maurizio Prato,et al.  Functionalised single wall carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composites for the preparation of amperometric glucose biosensors , 2004 .

[43]  P. Joshi,et al.  Amperometric biosensors based on redox polymer-carbon nanotube-enzyme composites. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  A. Heller.  Miniature biofuel cells , 2004 .

[45]  J. Buswell,et al.  Purification of an NADH-(dichlorophenol-indophenol) oxidoreductase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. , 1980, The Biochemical journal.

[46]  Han Nim Choi,et al.  Amperometric Ethanol Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Sol–Gel-Derived Titania–Nafion Composite Film , 2007 .

[47]  Wassana Yantasee,et al.  Carbon nanotubes based nanoelectrode arrays: Fabrication, evaluation, and application in voltammetric analysis , 2005 .

[48]  A. Alexander,et al.  A Model for the Dependence of Carbon Nanotube Length on Acid Oxidation Time , 2007 .

[49]  Elo Harald Hansen,et al.  Flow injection analysis, 2nd edn. : Wiley, Chichester, 1988 ISBN (0-471-81355-9) xx+498 pp. Price £65.00 , 1989 .

[50]  Kirk J. Ziegler,et al.  Developing implantable optical biosensors. , 2005, Trends in biotechnology.

[51]  G. Rivas,et al.  Enzymatic Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrodes , 2005 .

[52]  L. Gorton,et al.  Enzymatic determination of glucose in a flow system by catalytic oxidation of the nicotinamide coenzyme at a modified electrode , 1985 .

[53]  N. Mano,et al.  Adsorption and catalytic activity of trinitro-fluorenone derivatives towards NADH oxidation on different electrode materials , 2001 .

[54]  J. Justin Gooding,et al.  Achieving Direct Electrical Connection to Glucose Oxidase Using Aligned Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays , 2005 .