Free-Space Optical Channel Models

This chapter focuses on statistical description, physical characteristics, and modeling of free-space optical channel. The primary factors characterizing an atmospheric communication channel include atmospheric attenuation (both due to scattering and absorption) and turbulence. This chapter will provide good understanding of various types of atmospheric losses due to absorption, scattering, and turbulence. Section 2.1 presents various types of atmospheric losses due to molecular constituents and particulates present in the atmosphere. Although absorption and scattering significantly decrease the power level of the transmitted beam, the random fluctuations in the intensity of received signal due to turbulence in the atmosphere can severely degrade the wavefront quality of the transmitted beam. Statistical description of atmospheric turbulence and its effect on Gaussian beam will be discussed in this section. Section 2.2 presents various turbulence channel models. Finally, Sect. 2.3 describes various techniques to mitigate the effect of atmospheric turbulence.

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