Conditions for perceptual transparency

We review the conditions that are necessary for the perception of transparency and describe the spatiochromatic constraints for achromatic and chromatic transparent displays. These constraints can be represented by the convergence model and are supported by psychophysical data. We present an alternative representation of the constraints necessary for transparency perception that is based on an analogy with a model of colour constancy and the invariance of cone-excitation ratios. Recent psychophysical experiments are described that suggest that displays where the cone-excitation ratios are invariant produce a stronger impression of transparency than displays where the cone excitations are convergent. We argue that the spatial relations in an image are preserved when a Mondrian-like surface is partially covered by a transparent filter and therefore show an intriguing link between transparency perception and colour constancy. Finally, we describe experiments to relate the strength of the transparency percept with the number of unique patches in the image display. We find that the greater the number of surfaces in the display that are partially covered by a transparent filter the stronger the impression of transparency.