BGP-based interdomain traffic engineering

In a few years, the Internet has quickly evolved from a research network connecting a handful of users to the largest distributed system ever built. The Internet connects more than 20,000 Autonomous Systems (ASs) which are administratively independent networks. While the initial Internet was designed to provide a best-effort connectivity among these ASs, there is nowadays a growing trend to deploy new services such as Voice/Video over IP or VPNs. To support these emergent services, ASs need to better engineer their Internet traffic. Traffic Engineering encompasses several goals such as better spreading the traffic load inside a network and obtaining better end-to-end performance (lower latency or higher bandwidth). Engineering the traffic inside a single AS is feasible and pretty well understood. To the opposite, interdomain traffic engineering is still a difficult problem. The main issue comes from the current Internet routing architecture, articulated around the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP propagates a subset of the Internet topology for scalability and stability reasons and does not optimize a single global objective. This limits the control each AS has on its routing and has dramatic implications for interdomain traffic engineering. In this thesis, we evaluate the primitive BGP-based routing control mechanisms. For this purpose, we designed and implemented a new approach for modeling BGP on large Internet-scale network topologies. Finally, to overcome the limitations of BGP in terms of routing control, we propose Virtual Peerings, a new mechanism based on a combination of BGP and IP tunneling. We apply Virtual Peerings to solve various interdomain traffic engineering problems such as balancing the load of Internet traffic received by an AS or decreasing the end-to-end latency of Internet paths.

[1]  Renata Teixeira,et al.  BGP routing changes: merging views from two ISPs , 2005, CCRV.

[2]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  Common utilizations of the BGP community attribute , 2003 .

[3]  Lixin Gao,et al.  Stable Internet routing without global coordination , 2000, SIGMETRICS '00.

[4]  Clarence Filsfils,et al.  Deploying diffserv in backbone networks for tight SLA control , 2005, IEEE Internet Computing.

[5]  Benjamin Teitelbaum,et al.  One-way Active Measurement Protocol (OWAMP) Requirements , 2004, RFC.

[6]  Dino Farinacci,et al.  Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) , 2000, RFC.

[7]  Thomas Erlebach,et al.  Computing the types of the relationships between autonomous systems , 2007, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw..

[8]  Randy H. Katz,et al.  Characterizing the Internet hierarchy from multiple vantage points , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[9]  Pavlin Radoslavov,et al.  An Analysis of The Internal Structure of Large Autonomous Systems , 2002 .

[10]  Jennifer Rexford,et al.  Trafc Engineering Between Neighboring Domains , 2002 .

[11]  Ignacio Goyret,et al.  Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3) , 2005, RFC.

[12]  S. Bartholomew.  The Art of Peering , 2000 .

[13]  Bassam Halabi,et al.  Internet Routing Architectures , 1997 .

[14]  Evi Nemeth,et al.  Internet expansion, refinement and churn , 2002, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[15]  Albert,et al.  Emergence of scaling in random networks , 1999, Science.

[16]  Srinivas Raju Vegesna.  IP Quality of Service , 2001 .

[17]  Mark Santcroos,et al.  Providing Active Measurements as a Regular Service for ISP's , 2001 .

[18]  Johan Nykvist,et al.  Simulating convergence properties of BGP , 2002, Proceedings. Eleventh International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks.

[19]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  Interdomain traffic engineering with minimal BGP configurations , 2003 .

[20]  BERNARD M. WAXMAN,et al.  Routing of multipoint connections , 1988, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[21]  David R. Oran,et al.  OSI IS-IS Intra-domain Routing Protocol , 1990, RFC.

[22]  Anja Feldmann,et al.  NetFlow: information loss or win? , 2002, IMW '02.

[23]  Damien Magoni,et al.  Analysis of the autonomous system network topology , 2001, CCRV.

[24]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  The NAROS Approach for IPv6 Multihoming with Traffic Engineering , 2003, QofIS.

[25]  George Varghese,et al.  Network Algorithmics-An Interdisciplinary Approach to Designing Fast Networked Devices , 2004 .

[26]  Timothy G. Mattson,et al.  Patterns for parallel programming , 2004 .

[27]  Jennifer Rexford,et al.  BGP routing policies in ISP networks , 2005, IEEE Network.

[28]  Yakov Rekhter,et al.  Mpls: Technology and Applications , 2000 .

[29]  J.H. Cowie,et al.  Modeling the global Internet , 1999, Comput. Sci. Eng..

[30]  Sugih Jamin,et al.  Inet: Internet Topology Generator , 2000 .

[31]  David Fernández,et al.  Study and emulation of IPv6 Internet-exchange-based addressing models , 2004, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[32]  Randy H. Katz,et al.  OPCA: robust interdomain policy routing and traffic control , 2003, 2003 IEEE Conference onOpen Architectures and Network Programming..

[33]  Timothy G. Griffin,et al.  An experimental analysis of BGP convergence time , 2001, Proceedings Ninth International Conference on Network Protocols. ICNP 2001.

[34]  Mark Crovella,et al.  Efficient algorithms for large-scale topology discovery , 2004, SIGMETRICS '05.

[35]  Mikael Johansson,et al.  Traffic matrix estimation on a large IP backbone: a comparison on real data , 2004, IMC '04.

[36]  George Varghese,et al.  Route flap damping exacerbates internet routing convergence , 2002, SIGCOMM '02.

[37]  Piotr Cholda,et al.  Network Recovery, Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS [Book Review] , 2005, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[38]  Jordi Domingo-Pascual,et al.  A Proposal for Inter-domain QoS Routing Based on Distributed Overlay Entities and QBGP , 2004, QofIS.

[39]  Ratul Mahajan,et al.  Understanding BGP misconfiguration , 2002, SIGCOMM 2002.

[40]  Donald R. Morrison,et al.  PATRICIA—Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded in Alphanumeric , 1968, J. ACM.

[41]  장주욱.  [서평]「Wide Area Network Design : Concepts and Tools for Optimization」 , 2000 .

[42]  Ibrahim Matta,et al.  On the geographic location of Internet resources , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[43]  J. Moy,et al.  OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol , 1998 .

[44]  Matthew J. Zekauskas,et al.  A One-way Delay Metric for IPPM , 1999, RFC.

[45]  Randy Brown,et al.  Calendar queues: a fast 0(1) priority queue implementation for the simulation event set problem , 1988, CACM.

[46]  Hung-Ying Tyan,et al.  Design, realization and evaluation of a component-based compositional software architecture for network simulation , 2002 .

[47]  Ravishanker Chandra,et al.  BGP Communities Attribute , 1996, RFC.

[48]  Barry Raveendran Greene,et al.  Cisco ISP Essentials , 2002 .

[49]  Sanjai Narain,et al.  Using service grammar to diagnose BGP configuration errors , 2003, Sci. Comput. Program..

[50]  Xiaowei Yang,et al.  NIRA: a new Internet routing architecture , 2003, FDNA '03.

[51]  Rocky K. C. Chang,et al.  Inbound traffic engineering for multihomed ASs using AS path prepending , 2004, IEEE Network.

[52]  Marko Zec,et al.  Proceedings of the Freenix Track: 2003 Usenix Annual Technical Conference Implementing a Clonable Network Stack in the Freebsd Kernel , 2022 .

[53]  A. E. Eiben,et al.  Introduction to Evolutionary Computing , 2003, Natural Computing Series.

[54]  Enke Chen,et al.  An Application of the BGP Community Attribute in Multi-home Routing , 1996, RFC.

[55]  O. Bonaventure,et al.  On the difficulty of establishing interdomain LSPs , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Workshop on IP Operations and Management.

[56]  Stephen E. Deering,et al.  Path MTU discovery , 1990, RFC.

[57]  Lixin Gao.  On inferring autonomous system relationships in the internet , 2001, TNET.

[58]  Susan Hares,et al.  A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) , 1994, RFC.

[59]  Nick Feamster,et al.  A model of BGP routing for network engineering , 2004, SIGMETRICS '04/Performance '04.

[60]  Anja Feldmann,et al.  NetScope: traffic engineering for IP networks , 2000, IEEE Netw..

[61]  Gunnar Karlsson,et al.  IP-address lookup using LC-tries , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[62]  Gordon T. Wilfong,et al.  On the correctness of IBGP configuration , 2002, SIGCOMM.

[63]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  Interdomain traffic engineering with BGP , 2003, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[64]  Abhijit Bose,et al.  Delayed Internet routing convergence , 2000, SIGCOMM.

[65]  Dmitri V. Krioukov,et al.  Revisiting Internet AS-Level Topology Discovery , 2005, PAM.

[66]  Renata Teixeira,et al.  Dynamics of hot-potato routing in IP networks , 2004, SIGMETRICS '04/Performance '04.

[67]  Mikkel Thorup,et al.  Robust optimization of OSPF/IS-IS weights , 2003 .

[68]  Mikkel Thorup,et al.  Traffic engineering with traditional IP routing protocols , 2002, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[69]  Ratul Mahajan,et al.  Measuring ISP topologies with Rocketfuel , 2004, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[70]  Renata Teixeira,et al.  Network sensitivity to hot-potato disruptions , 2004, SIGCOMM '04.

[71]  Xenofontas A. Dimitropoulos,et al.  Large-scale simulation models of BGP , 2004, The IEEE Computer Society's 12th Annual International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems, 2004. (MASCOTS 2004). Proceedings..

[72]  Jeffrey Haas,et al.  Controlling the redistribution of BGP routes , 2003 .

[73]  Ravishanker Chandra,et al.  BGP Route Reflection An alternative to full mesh IBGP , 1996, RFC.

[74]  Paul Traina.  Autonomous System Confederations for BGP , 1996, RFC.

[75]  Walter Willinger,et al.  Towards capturing representative AS-level Internet topologies , 2002, SIGMETRICS '02.

[76]  Anja Feldmann,et al.  IP network configuration for intradomain traffic engineering , 2001, IEEE Netw..

[77]  Damien Magoni,et al.  Internet core topology mapping and analysis , 2005, Comput. Commun..

[78]  Gopal Dommety,et al.  Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE , 2000, RFC.

[79]  Gordon T. Wilfong,et al.  An analysis of BGP convergence properties , 1999, SIGCOMM '99.

[80]  Hari Balakrishnan,et al.  Resilient overlay networks , 2001, SOSP.

[81]  Sally Floyd,et al.  Difficulties in simulating the internet , 2001, TNET.

[82]  Daniel Massey,et al.  BGP-RCN: improving BGP convergence through root cause notification , 2005, Comput. Networks.

[83]  Nick Feamster,et al.  Guidelines for interdomain traffic engineering , 2003, CCRV.

[84]  Chen-Nee Chuah,et al.  The impact of BGP dynamics on intra-domain traffic , 2004, SIGMETRICS '04/Performance '04.

[85]  Ping Pan,et al.  Internet Engineering Task Force , 1995 .

[86]  Kenneth L. Calvert,et al.  Modeling Internet topology , 1997, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[87]  Fang Hao,et al.  An Internet scale simulation setup for BGP , 2003, CCRV.

[88]  William Allen Simpson,et al.  IP in IP Tunneling , 1995, RFC.

[89]  Mikkel Thorup,et al.  Internet traffic engineering by optimizing OSPF weights , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[90]  Shivkumar Kalyanaraman,et al.  BANANAS: an evolutionary framework for explicit and multipath routing in the internet , 2003, FDNA '03.

[91]  Yakov Rekhter,et al.  BGP Extended Communities Attribute , 2006, RFC.

[92]  Tzi-cker Chiueh,et al.  Experiences in building a multihoming load balancing system , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[93]  Chen-Nee Chuah,et al.  An AS-level study of Internet path delay characteristics , 2004, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2004. GLOBECOM '04..

[94]  Gordon T. Wilfong,et al.  A safe path vector protocol , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[95]  Antonio Nucci,et al.  Measuring the shared fate of IGP engineering and interdomain traffic , 2005, 13TH IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP'05).

[96]  Angela L. Chiu,et al.  Overview and Principles of Internet Traffic Engineering , 2002, RFC.

[97]  Baek-Young Choi,et al.  Observations on Cisco sampled NetFlow , 2005, PERV.

[98]  Walter Willinger,et al.  Towards capturing representative AS-level Internet topologies , 2004, Comput. Networks.

[99]  Albert G. Greenberg,et al.  Fast accurate computation of large-scale IP traffic matrices from link loads , 2003, SIGMETRICS '03.

[100]  Abraham Silberschatz,et al.  On route selection for interdomain traffic engineering , 2005, IEEE Network.

[101]  Stefan Savage,et al.  The end-to-end effects of Internet path selection , 1999, SIGCOMM '99.

[102]  Nick Feamster,et al.  Detecting BGP configuration faults with static analysis , 2005 .

[103]  Mark Handley,et al.  HLP: a next generation inter-domain routing protocol , 2005, SIGCOMM '05.

[104]  Randy H. Katz,et al.  Geographic Properties of Internet Routing , 2002, USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track.

[105]  Ellen W. Zegura,et al.  Interdomain Ingress Traffic Engineering Through Optimized AS-Path Prepending , 2005, NETWORKING.

[106]  Guy Leduc,et al.  TOTEM: A Toolbox for Traffic Engineering Methods , 2006 .

[107]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  A performance evaluation of BGP‐based traffic engineering , 2005, Int. J. Netw. Manag..

[108]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  Interdomain traffic engineering with redistribution communities , 2004, Comput. Commun..

[109]  Geoff Huston,et al.  BGP Wedgies , 2005, RFC.

[110]  Tony Li,et al.  Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Extensions for Traffic Engineering (TE) , 2004, RFC.

[111]  Stewart Bryant,et al.  Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Architecture , 2005, RFC.

[112]  Edward J. Malecki,et al.  The Economic Geography of the Internet’s Infrastructure* , 2002 .

[113]  Yin Zhang,et al.  BGP routing stability of popular destinations , 2002, IMW '02.

[114]  Yakov Rekhter,et al.  A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) , 1994, RFC.

[115]  Michalis Faloutsos,et al.  On power-law relationships of the Internet topology , 1999, SIGCOMM '99.

[116]  R. Braden,et al.  Resource reSer Vation Protocol (RSVP) , 1997 .

[117]  George Varghese,et al.  The measurement manifesto , 2004, Comput. Commun. Rev..

[118]  Daniel O. Awduche,et al.  An approach to optimal peering between autonomous systems in the Internet , 1998, Proceedings 7th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (Cat. No.98EX226).

[119]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  Implications of the topological properties of Internet traffic on traffic engineering , 2004, SAC '04.

[120]  Gordon T. Wilfong,et al.  Analysis of the MED oscillation problem in BGP , 2002, 10th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, 2002. Proceedings..

[121]  B. Huffaker,et al.  Distance Metrics in the Internet , 2002, Anais do 2002 International Telecommunications Symposium.

[122]  Dave Katz,et al.  Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2 , 2003, RFC.

[123]  Renata Teixeira,et al.  General Terms Measurement , 2022 .

[124]  Randall J. Atkinson,et al.  IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) , 1995, RFC.

[125]  Vijay Srinivasan,et al.  RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels , 2001, RFC.

[126]  Amin Vahdat,et al.  Detour: informed Internet routing and transport , 1999, IEEE Micro.

[127]  Stephen T. Kent,et al.  Secure Border Gateway Protocol (S-BGP) , 2000, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[128]  Ibrahim Matta,et al.  On the geographic location of internet resources , 2002, IMW '02.

[129]  Randy Bush,et al.  Slowing Routing Table Growth by Filtering Based on Address Allocation Policies , 2001 .

[130]  Elwyn B. Davies,et al.  IPv4 Multihoming Practices and Limitations , 2005, RFC.

[131]  Piet Demeester,et al.  Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS , 2004 .

[132]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  Implications of Interdomain Traffic Characteristics on Traffic Engineering , 2002, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[133]  Ibrahim Matta,et al.  BRITE: an approach to universal topology generation , 2001, MASCOTS 2001, Proceedings Ninth International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems.