In plants, the colonization of forest gaps and new habitats and the maintenance of genetic diversity and evolutionary potential are achieved mostly through sexual regeneration. It is therefore surprising that despite more than a century of interest by foresters, very little detailed information is available on the regeneration cycle of the cork oak and the dynamics between its different regeneration stages. Yet understanding natural regeneration is critical for any efficient conservation and restoration plan. By regeneration we mean the complex processes occurring from the time a seed is produced to the time offspring reach maturity (i.e., seed to seed). Thus, for cork oak, the cycle includes production, predation, dispersal, and germination of acorns, establishment of new individuals (recruitment), and growth to mature (reproductive) trees. In this chapter we review what is known about cork oak regeneration, based on our own research in Spain and Portugal over the past decade. We first review the different stages of the regeneration process in cork oak populations and the performance (survival and growth) of the seedling. Then, we discuss recruitment and regeneration patterns in three Iberian areas. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our findings for the conservation, restoration, and holistic management of cork oak woodlands. The process of postfire vegetative regeneration was discussed in detail in Chapter 1 (see also Pausas 1997).