Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production

World energy demand is expected to increase due to the expanding urbanization, better living standards and increasing population. At a time when society is becoming increasingly aware of the declining reserves of fossil fuels beside the environmental concerns, it has become apparent that biodiesel is destined to make a substantial contribution to the future energy demands of the domestic and industrial economies. There are different potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. Non-edible vegetable oils which are known as the second generation feedstocks can be considered as promising substitutions for traditional edible food crops for the production of biodiesel. The use of non-edible plant oils is very significant because of the tremendous demand for edible oils as food source. Moreover, edible oils’ feedstock costs are far expensive to be used as fuel. Therefore, production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is an effective way to overcome all the associated problems with edible oils. However, the potential of converting non-edible oil into biodiesel must be well examined. This is because physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced from any feedstock must comply with the limits of ASTM and DIN EN specifications for biodiesel fuels. This paper introduces non-edible vegetable oils to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Several aspects related to these feedstocks have been reviewed from various recent publications. These aspects include overview of non-edible oil resources, advantages of non-edible oils, problems in exploitation of non-edible oils, fatty acid composition profiles (FAC) of various non-edible oils, oil extraction techniques, technologies of biodiesel production from non-edible oils, biodiesel standards and characterization, properties and characteristic of non-edible biodiesel and engine performance and emission production. As a conclusion, it has been found that there is a huge chance to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil sources and therefore it can boost the future production of biodiesel.

[1]  Kadir Aydın,et al.  Biodiesel Production from Terebinth (Pistacia Terebinthus) Oil and its Usage in Diesel Engine , 2011 .

[2]  M. Sharma,et al.  Jatropha-Palm biodiesel blends: An optimum mix for Asia , 2007 .

[3]  B. Moser.  Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks , 2009, In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant.

[4]  Shiro Saka,et al.  Two-step supercritical dimethyl carbonate method for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[5]  Hüsamettin Bulut,et al.  The comparison of engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of sesame oil-diesel fuel mixture with diesel fuel in a direct injection diesel engine. , 2008 .

[6]  D S Ogunniyi,et al.  Castor oil: a vital industrial raw material. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[7]  Yogesh C. Rotliwala,et al.  Synergetic pyrolysis of high density polyethylene and Jatropha and Karanj cakes: A thermogravimetric study , 2009 .

[8]  M. Babu,et al.  Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine , 2007 .

[9]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels , 2009 .

[10]  R. D. Misra,et al.  Performance, emission and combustion evaluation of soapnut oil–diesel blends in a compression ignition engine , 2011 .

[11]  Dwight Tomes,et al.  Biofuels: Global Impact on Renewable Energy, Production Agriculture, and Technological Advancements , 2011 .

[12]  Masjuki Haji Hassan,et al.  Biofuel Engine: A New Challenge. , 2010 .

[13]  M. Ramos,et al.  Influence of fatty acid composition of raw materials on biodiesel properties. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[14]  Bin Liang,et al.  Production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. oil , 2009, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[15]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review , 2010 .

[16]  N. V. Mahalakshmi,et al.  Performance and emission characteristics of a turpentine–diesel dual fuel engine , 2007 .

[17]  Atilla Bilgin,et al.  The Effects of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on Diesel Engine Performance , 2002 .

[18]  F. Zaher,et al.  Biodiesel fuel from Jatropha oil via non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification , 2009 .

[19]  Shweta Shah,et al.  Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil in a solvent free system. , 2007 .

[20]  H. E. Saleh.  Experimental study on diesel engine nitrogen oxide reduction running with jojoba methyl ester by exhaust gas recirculation , 2009 .

[21]  K. Pramanik.  Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine , 2003 .

[22]  Yunpeng Wang,et al.  Biodiesel production from Eruca Sativa Gars vegetable oil and motor, emissions properties , 2009 .

[23]  R. Pokharkar,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester by In-Situ Transesterification in Capparis Deciduas Seed , 2008 .

[24]  S. C. Umerie,et al.  Studies on the Oil and Nutritive Value of Seeds of Crotalaria retusa L. (Fabaceae) , 2010 .

[25]  L. M. Das,et al.  Feasibility of blending karanja vegetable oil in petro-diesel and utilization in a direct injection diesel engine , 2009 .

[26]  S. Jayaraj,et al.  Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil , 2005 .

[27]  JATROPHA OIL IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES Effects on the engine , environment and Tanzania as supplying country , 2006 .

[28]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Production of biodiesel fuels from linseed oil using methanol and ethanol in non-catalytic SCF conditions , 2009 .

[29]  Octavio Armas,et al.  Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions , 2008 .

[30]  J. V. Gerpen,et al.  Biodiesel processing and production , 2005 .

[31]  Zeev Wiesman,et al.  Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) as an arid lands sustainable bioresource for biodiesel. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[32]  P. A. Azeez,et al.  Biodiesel: Freedom from Dependence on Fossil Fuels? , 2008 .

[33]  P. Srivastava,et al.  Methyl ester of karanja oil as an alternative renewable source energy , 2008 .

[34]  L. C. Meher,et al.  Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification—a review , 2006 .

[35]  Yunjun Yan,et al.  Physicochemical properties of stillingia oil: Feasibility for biodiesel production by enzyme transesterification , 2009 .

[36]  Siddharth Jain,et al.  Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in India: A review , 2010 .

[37]  S. S. Ragit,et al.  Optimization of neem methyl ester from transesterification process and fuel characterization as a diesel substitute , 2011 .

[38]  G. Knothe,et al.  Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil , 2009 .

[39]  Jon Van Gerpen,et al.  Biodiesel Production and Fuel Quality , 2004 .

[40]  C O Eromosele,et al.  Characterization and viscosity parameters of seed oils from wild plants. , 2003, Bioresource technology.

[41]  Havva Balat,et al.  Progress in biodiesel processing , 2010 .

[42]  Rakesh Sarin,et al.  Studies on Guizotia abyssinica L. oil: biodiesel synthesis and process optimization. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[43]  L. Das,et al.  A comparative evaluation of compression ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters of Karanja oil , 2009 .

[44]  M. Mbarawa,et al.  Croton megalocarpus oil: a feasible non-edible oil source for biodiesel production. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[45]  Subhash Hathurusingha,et al.  RETRACTED: Periodic variation in kernel oil content and fatty acid profiles of Calophyllum inophyllum L.: A medicinal plant in northern Australia , 2011 .

[46]  R. Velraj,et al.  Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with Pongamia pinnata methyl ester (PPME) and its blends with diesel , 2008 .

[47]  Satyawati Sharma,et al.  Potential non-edible oil resources as biodiesel feedstock: An Indian perspective , 2011 .

[48]  U Desideri,et al.  CONVENTIONAL PYROLYSIS OF SPRUCE WOOD AND HAZELNUT SHELL DELIVERING OILY PRODUCTS , 2011 .

[49]  Denise R. Dunlap,et al.  Ricin ( from Ricinus communis ) as undesirable substances in animal feed 1 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain ( Question N ° EFSA-Q-2003-062 ) Adopted on 10 June 2008 , 2008 .

[50]  B. Agnew,et al.  Croton megalocarpus (Musine) seeds as a potential source of bio-diesel , 2010 .

[51]  Rangappa S. Keri,et al.  Renewable energy sources from Michelia champaca and Garcinia indica seed oils: A rich source of oil , 2009 .

[52]  N. Usta.  An experimental study on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester , 2005 .

[53]  Havva Balat,et al.  A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel. , 2008 .

[54]  S. Saravanan,et al.  Combustion characteristics of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with a blend of crude rice bran oil methyl ester and diesel , 2010 .

[55]  G. Madras,et al.  Synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils in supercritical alcohols and enzymatic synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide , 2007 .

[56]  M. Mittelbach,et al.  Jatropha curcas L. as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua , 1996 .

[57]  Peter M. Gresshoff,et al.  Pongamia pinnata: An Untapped Resource for the Biofuels Industry of the Future , 2008, BioEnergy Research.

[58]  Siti Kartom Kamarudin,et al.  Overview on the current trends in biodiesel production , 2011 .

[59]  Farooq Anwar,et al.  Moringa oleifera oil: a possible source of biodiesel. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[60]  Vittorio Rocco,et al.  Brassica carinata as an alternative oil crop for the production of biodiesel in Italy: agronomic evaluation, fuel production by transesterification and characterization , 2003 .

[61]  Pietro Perrino,et al.  Yield and oil quality in selected lines of Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fries and C. hispanica L. grown in Italy , 1995 .

[62]  A. Ahmad,et al.  Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: A review , 2011 .

[63]  Hifjur Raheman,et al.  Performance of diesel engine with biodiesel at varying compression ratio and ignition timing , 2008 .

[64]  R. B. Anand,et al.  Role of nanoadditive blended biodiesel emulsion fuel on the working characteristics of a diesel engine , 2011 .

[65]  S. P. Sivapirakasam,et al.  Comparative studies on fly ash coated low heat rejection diesel engine on performance and emission c , 2011 .

[66]  M. C. Math,et al.  Technologies for biodiesel production from used cooking oil — A review , 2010 .

[67]  S. K. Haldar,et al.  Utilization of unattended Putranjiva roxburghii non-edible oil as fuel in diesel engine , 2009 .

[68]  A. Murugesan,et al.  Production and analysis of bio-diesel from non-edible oils-A review , 2009 .

[69]  Subhash Bhatia,et al.  Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock , 2008 .

[70]  R. Gesch,et al.  Growth and yield response of Cuphea to row spacing , 2003 .

[71]  P. Nakpong,et al.  Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) oil as an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production in Thailand , 2010 .

[72]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines , 2007 .

[73]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Biodiesel production from vegetable oils by supercritical methanol , 2005 .

[74]  M. A. Fazal,et al.  Biodiesel feasibility study: An evaluation of material compatibility; performance; emission and engine durability , 2011 .

[75]  S. Kamarudin,et al.  Characteristic and composition of Jatropha curcas oil seed from Malaysia and its potential as biodiesel feedstock feedstock , 2009 .

[76]  A. Ramesh,et al.  An experimental comparison of methods to use methanol and Jatropha oil in a compression ignition engine , 2003 .

[77]  S. Jayaraj,et al.  Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines , 2005 .

[78]  M. Sharma,et al.  Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil , 2010 .

[79]  K. Raja Gopal,et al.  A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance , 2009 .

[80]  Farooq Anwar,et al.  Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil for biodiesel production , 2010 .

[81]  V Pradeep,et al.  Evaluation of Performance, Emission and Combustion Parameters of a CI Engine Fuelled with Bio-Diesel from Rubber Seed Oil and its Blends , 2005 .

[82]  H. Raheman,et al.  Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel , 2004 .

[83]  Daniel P. Geller,et al.  Fuel properties of oil from genetically altered Cuphea viscosissima , 1999 .

[84]  Saloni Gangal,et al.  Putranjiva roxburghii seeds: oil content and fatty acid composition during different stages of seed maturity. , 2009 .

[85]  K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy,et al.  Performance characteristics of a diesel engine with deccan hemp oil , 2006 .

[86]  G. Nagarajan,et al.  Influence of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on waste plastic oil , 2009 .

[87]  B. V. Appa Rao,et al.  Reduction of NOx in the exhaust gas of DI- diesel engine fueled with mahua methyl ester along with exhaust gas recirculation , 2009 .

[88]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Biodiesel and renewable diesel: A comparison , 2010 .

[89]  Ute Wölfle.  Porträt einer Arzneipflanze , 2008 .

[90]  Olivera S. Stamenković,et al.  Biodiesel production from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids , 2006 .

[91]  Marisol T. Berti,et al.  Growth and development of cuphea , 2008 .

[92]  Dipti Singh,et al.  Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review , 2010 .

[93]  Evripidis Lois,et al.  Tobacco seed oil as an alternative diesel fuel: physical and chemical properties , 2002 .

[94]  Mustafa Balat,et al.  Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production - A review of current work , 2011 .

[95]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Production and Evaluation of Biodiesel from Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) Oil , 2009 .

[96]  R. D. Misra,et al.  Straight vegetable oils usage in a compression ignition engine-A review , 2010 .

[97]  Steven Lim,et al.  Recent trends, opportunities and challenges of biodiesel in Malaysia: An overview , 2010 .

[98]  H. Y. Shrirame,et al.  PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH METHYL ESTER OF CASTOR SEED OIL , 2010 .

[99]  B. Venkanna,et al.  Biodiesel production and optimization from Calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (honne oil)--a three stage method. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[100]  R. S. Sangwan,et al.  Vegetable oil production potential from Jatropha curcas, Croton megalocarpus, Aleurites moluccana, Moringa oleifera and Pachira glabra: Assessment of renewable energy resources for bio-energy production in Africa , 2011 .

[101]  Azam Mukhtar,et al.  Fatty Acid Composition of Tobacco Seed Oil and Synthesis of Alkyd Resin , 2007 .

[102]  T. Viruthagiri,et al.  Optimization of Karanja oil transesterification , 2006 .

[103]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Performance evaluation of a vegetable oil fuelled compression ignition engine , 2008 .

[104]  Tianwei Tan,et al.  Enzymatic Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Crude Rice Bran Oil with Immobilized Candida sp. 99–125 , 2010 .

[105]  P. S. Mehta,et al.  Experimental investigations on combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of neat karanji biodiesel and its methanol blend in a diesel engine , 2011 .

[106]  Luca Lazzeri,et al.  Native Crambe abyssinica oil and its derivatives as renewable lubricants: an approach to improve its quality by chemical and biotechnological processes , 1998 .

[107]  Calliope Panoutsou,et al.  Biodiesel options in Greece , 2008 .

[108]  Dipak Khastgir,et al.  Polyaniline based anticorrosive and anti-molding coating , 2011 .

[109]  Nc Gangodavilage.  Optimal operating conditions & equilibrium characteristics of rice bran oil extraction , 2011 .

[110]  N. V. Mahalakshmi,et al.  Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of poon oil and its diesel blends in a DI diesel engine , 2009 .

[111]  Luis F. Razon,et al.  Alternative crops for biodiesel feedstock , 2009 .

[112]  Makame Mbarawa,et al.  Biodiesel production from Croton megalocarpus oil and its process optimization , 2010 .

[113]  Jean-Marie Bessière,et al.  Composition of the volatile oil from the leaves of Ximenia americana L. , 2006 .

[114]  Saeid Baroutian,et al.  Techno-economic comparison between B10 of Eruca sativa L. and other indigenous seed oils in Pakistan , 2011 .

[115]  Gerhard Knothe,et al.  Cuphea Oil as Source of Biodiesel with Improved Fuel Properties Caused by High Content of Methyl Decanoate , 2009 .

[116]  Subhash Bhatia,et al.  Cerbera odollam (sea mango) oil as a promising non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production , 2009 .

[117]  Wu Jian,et al.  Study on Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Pistacia Chinensis Bunge Seed Biodiesel-Diesel Blends , 2011 .

[118]  May Ying Koh,et al.  A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil , 2011 .

[119]  Silvia Falasca,et al.  Crambe abyssinica: An almost unknown crop with a promissory future to produce biodiesel in Argentina , 2010 .

[120]  T Neuma de Castro Dantas,et al.  New microemulsion systems using diesel and vegetable oils , 2001 .

[121]  Soo-Young No,et al.  Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative diesel fuels in CI engines: A review , 2011 .

[122]  Nazım Usta,et al.  Properties and quality verification of biodiesel produced from tobacco seed oil , 2011 .

[123]  Debendra Chandra Baruah,et al.  The use of Koroch seed oil methyl ester blends as fuel in a diesel engine , 2011 .

[124]  K. C. Mundim,et al.  Diesel-like fuel obtained by pyrolysis of vegetable oils , 2004 .

[125]  A. Saydut,et al.  Methyl ester of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production , 2009 .

[126]  I. M. Atadashi,et al.  High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: A review , 2010 .

[127]  Bryan R. Moser,et al.  Coriander seed oil methyl esters as biodiesel fuel: Unique fatty acid composition and excellent oxidative stability , 2010 .

[128]  L. Verchot,et al.  Jatropha bio-diesel production and use , 2008 .

[129]  Adolph Nägel,et al.  THE DIESEL ENGINE , 2009 .

[130]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine , 2007 .

[131]  M. Zlatanov,et al.  Lipid Composition of Tobacco Seeds , 2007 .

[132]  S. Meneghetti,et al.  Studies of Terminalia catappa L. oil: characterization and biodiesel production. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[133]  Joël Scher,et al.  Proximate Composition and Physicochemical Properties on the Seeds and Oil of Annona muricata grown in Congo-Brazzaville , 2010 .

[134]  Sanjib Kumar Karmee,et al.  Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of Pongamia pinnata. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[135]  O. Njoku,et al.  Production of biodiesel using rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth. Muell.)] seed oil , 2000 .

[136]  Nanjappa Ashwath,et al.  Variation in oil content and fatty acid profile of Calophyllum inophyllum L. with fruit maturity and its implications on resultant biodiesel quality. , 2011 .

[137]  F. Okieimen,et al.  Studies on the epoxidation of rubber seed oil , 2002 .

[138]  S. Vaughn,et al.  Evaluation of alkyl esters from Camelina sativa oil as biodiesel and as blend components in ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[139]  J. Barber,et al.  Natural infraspecific variation in fatty acid composition of Cuphea (Lythraceae) seed oils , 2008 .

[140]  N. C. Gangodavilage,et al.  Rice bran oil extraction in Sri Lanka : data for process equipment design , 2004 .

[141]  N. Vedaraman,et al.  Mahua oil (Madhuca Indica seed oil) methyl ester as biodiesel-preparation and emission characterstics , 2005 .

[142]  Wei Jiang,et al.  Properties of Tung oil biodiesel and its blends with 0# diesel. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[143]  Nanjappa Ashwath,et al.  Provenance variations in seed-related characters and oil content of Calophyllum inophyllum L. in northern Australia and Sri Lanka , 2010, New Forests.

[144]  Bhupendra Singh Chauhan,et al.  Performance and emission study of preheated Jatropha oil on medium capacity diesel engine , 2010 .

[145]  Dimitrios Karonis,et al.  Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil as an alternative feedstock for the production of biodiesel in Greece , 2009 .

[146]  B. Murali Krishna,et al.  Properties and performance of cotton seed oil–diesel blends as a fuel for compression ignition engines , 2009 .

[147]  N. V. Mahalakshmi,et al.  Study of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using poon oil-based fuels , 2009 .

[148]  Aparna Sharma,et al.  Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by combination of ultrasonication and aqueous enzymatic oil extraction. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[149]  T Samuel.  Straight Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Fuel , 2006 .

[150]  S. P. Sivapirakasam,et al.  Investigations on emission characteristics of the pongamia biodiesel–diesel blend fuelled twin cylinder compression ignition direct injection engine using exhaust gas recirculation methodology and dimethyl carbonate as additive , 2010 .

[151]  Vikranth Volli,et al.  Production of bio-oil from mahua de-oiled cake by thermal pyrolysis , 2012 .

[152]  B. Singh,et al.  Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: A review , 2008 .

[153]  Ramchandra D. Gaikwad,et al.  Physico-Chemical and Viscosity Studies in Some Seed Oils from Wild and Cultivated Plants , 2008 .

[154]  S. Koutroubas,et al.  Adaptation and yielding ability of castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes in a Mediterranean climate , 1999 .

[155]  G. Nagarajan,et al.  Experimental investigation on a DI diesel engine fuelled with Madhuca Indica ester and diesel blend , 2010 .

[156]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection Diesel engine using blends of Diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins , 2006 .

[157]  Aninidita Karmakar,et al.  Properties of various plants and animals feedstocks for biodiesel production. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[158]  Rakesh Sarin,et al.  Terminalia belerica Roxb. seed oil: a potential biodiesel resource. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[159]  Haji Hassan Masjuki,et al.  A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia , 2011 .

[160]  R. S. Hosmath,et al.  Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on Honge, Jatropha and sesame oil methyl esters , 2008 .

[161]  N. Nahar,et al.  Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India , 2005 .

[162]  E. Lois,et al.  Physical, chemical and fuel related properties of tomato seed oil for evaluating its direct use in diesel engines. , 2005 .

[163]  Hwai Chyuan Ong,et al.  Comparison of palm oil, Jatropha curcas and Calophyllum inophyllum for biodiesel: A review , 2011 .

[164]  V. Nandedkar,et al.  EMISSION AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF KARANJA BIODIESEL AND ITS BLENDS IN A C.I. ENGINE AND IT'S ECONOMICS , 2010 .

[165]  Yogesh Chandra Sharma,et al.  An ideal feedstock, kusum (Schleichera triguga) for preparation of biodiesel: Optimization of parameters , 2010 .

[166]  P. Nakpong,et al.  Biodiesel production from mixtures of vegetable oil and used cooking oil , 2009 .

[167]  Diane Benford,et al.  Tropane alkaloids (from Datura sp.) as undesirable substances in animal feed 1 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain , 2008 .

[168]  A. Kondo,et al.  Enzymatic production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil : A comparative study of immobilized-whole cell and commercial lipases as a biocatalyst , 2008 .

[169]  G. Devaradjane,et al.  Vegetable Oils And Their Derivatives As Fuels For CI Engines: An Overview , 2003 .

[170]  F. K. Forson,et al.  Performance of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine , 2004 .

[171]  M. P. Dorado,et al.  The Ideal Vegetable Oil-based Biodiesel Composition: A Review of Social, Economical and Technical Implications , 2009 .

[172]  A. S. Ramadhas,et al.  Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil , 2005 .

[173]  G. Nagarajan,et al.  Effect of injection pressure on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of high linolenic linseed oil methyl ester in a DI diesel engine , 2009 .

[174]  Baoan Song,et al.  Production and selected fuel properties of biodiesel from promising non-edible oils: Euphorbia lathyris L., Sapium sebiferum L. and Jatropha curcas L. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[175]  T. Wu,et al.  Biodiesel production from Jatropha oil by catalytic and non-catalytic approaches: an overview. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[176]  Anil Kumar Sarma,et al.  A Comprehensive Analysis of Fuel Properties of Biodiesel from Koroch Seed Oil , 2005 .

[177]  Kyong-Hwan Chung.  Transesterification of Camellia japonica and Vernicia fordii seed oils on alkali catalysts for biodiesel production , 2010 .

[178]  C O Eromosele,et al.  Fatty acid compositions of seed oils of Haematostaphis barteri and Ximenia americana. , 2002, Bioresource technology.

[179]  K. Openshaw.  A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise☆ , 2000 .

[180]  J. Parajó,et al.  Fractional characterisation of jatropha, neem, moringa, trisperma, castor and candlenut seeds as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production in Cuba , 2010 .

[181]  Hifjur Raheman,et al.  Biodiesel production from mixture of mahua and simarouba oils with high free fatty acids , 2010 .

[182]  João Inácio Soletti,et al.  Characterization of Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. oil and properties of methyl esters for use as biodiesel , 2010 .

[183]  M. Musman,et al.  Toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Kernel Extract on Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae). , 2010, Tropical life sciences research.

[184]  Ronald A. Holser,et al.  Transesterified milkweed (Asclepias) seed oil as a biodiesel fuel , 2006 .

[185]  E. Ucciani,et al.  Cyanolipids and Fatty Acids of Sapindus trifoliatus L. (Sapindaceae) Seed Oil , 1994 .

[186]  Haji Hassan Masjuki,et al.  A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics , 2012 .

[187]  C. Muraleedharan,et al.  A comparative study of vegetable oil methyl esters (biodiesels) , 2011 .

[188]  Hifjur Raheman,et al.  Performance of compression ignition engine with mahua (Madhuca indica) biodiesel , 2007 .

[189]  V. Singh,et al.  Comparative evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of jatropha, karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine , 2009 .

[190]  Fangxia Yang,et al.  Preparation of biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil , 2009 .

[191]  S. Naik,et al.  Physical properties of tung seed: An industrial oil yielding crop , 2011 .

[192]  Sharanappa Godiganur,et al.  6BTA 5.9 G2-1 Cummins engine performance and emission tests using methyl ester mahua (Madhuca indica) oil/diesel blends , 2009 .

[193]  G. Nagarajan,et al.  Effect of FFA of Crude Rice Bran Oil on the Properties of Diesel Blends , 2008 .

[194]  Nazım Usta,et al.  Use of tobacco seed oil methyl ester in a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine , 2005 .

[195]  Yvan Gaillard,et al.  Cerbera odollam: a 'suicide tree' and cause of death in the state of Kerala, India. , 2004, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[196]  Juan C. Yori,et al.  Adsorption in Biodiesel Refining - A Review , 2011 .

[197]  Arjun Chhetri,et al.  Non-Edible Plant Oils as New Sources for Biodiesel Production , 2008, International journal of molecular sciences.

[198]  P. Devan,et al.  Utilization of unattended methyl ester of paradise oil as fuel in diesel engine , 2009 .

[199]  H. J. Berchmans,et al.  Biodiesel production from crude Jatropha curcas L. seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[200]  A. Agarwal,et al.  Experimental investigations of performance and emissions of Karanja oil and its blends in a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine , 2009 .

[201]  H. Raheman,et al.  Biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids , 2005 .

[202]  H. Raheman,et al.  Biodiesel production from jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with high free fatty acids: An optimized process , 2007 .

[203]  Saroj Kumar Jha,et al.  Effect of incompletely converted soybean oil on biodiesel quality , 2007 .

[204]  C. Palanuvej,et al.  FATTY ACIDS OF STERCULIA FOETIDA SEED OIL , 2009 .

[205]  Steven C. Cermak,et al.  Full-Press Oil Extraction of Cuphea (PSR23) Seeds , 2007 .

[206]  Lin Lin,et al.  Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel , 2011 .

[207]  Debendra Chandra Baruah,et al.  Investigation of terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx.) seed oil as prospective biodiesel source for North-East India , 2009 .

[208]  Ram Prasad,et al.  TRIGLYCERIDES-BASED DIESEL FUELS , 2000 .

[209]  Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan,et al.  Phospholipid composition of niger (Guizotia abyssinica cass.) seed oil , 2003 .