Precision optical ranging by paired one-way time of flight

Precision ranging between planetary bodies would provide valuable scientific information, including tests of fundamental physics. Current ranging techniques based on retroreflectors, however, are limited to the Earth- Moon distance due to an inverse fourth power scaling. We present methods for interplanetary distances based on paired one-way ranging, which scales with a more favorable inverse square power. Corrections for clock offset, frequency error, and the Doppler effect are shown. We present the results of tabletop experiments demonstrating sub-millimeter ranging accuracy.