A Face Recognition Signature Combining Patch-based Features with Soft Facial Attributes

This paper focuses on improving face recognition performance with a new signature combining implicit facial features with explicit soft facial attributes. This signature has two components: the existing patch-based features and the soft facial attributes. A deep convolutional neural network adapted from state-of-the-art networks is used to learn the soft facial attributes. Then, a signature matcher is introduced that merges the contributions of both patch-based features and the facial attributes. In this matcher, the matching scores computed from patch-based features and the facial attributes are combined to obtain a final matching score. The matcher is also extended so that different weights are assigned to different facial attributes. The proposed signature and matcher have been evaluated with the UR2D system on the UHDB31 and IJB-A datasets. The experimental results indicate that the proposed signature achieve better performance than using only patch-based features. The Rank-1 accuracy is improved significantly by 4% and 0.37% on the two datasets when compared with the UR2D system.

[1]  Dumitru Erhan,et al.  Going deeper with convolutions , 2014, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[2]  Jitendra Malik,et al.  Region-Based Convolutional Networks for Accurate Object Detection and Segmentation , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[3]  Jun Luo,et al.  Person-Specific SIFT Features for Face Recognition , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - ICASSP '07.

[4]  Wen Gao,et al.  Local Gabor binary pattern histogram sequence (LGBPHS): a novel non-statistical model for face representation and recognition , 2005, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1.

[5]  Lawrence D. Jackel,et al.  Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition , 1989, Neural Computation.

[6]  David J. Kriegman,et al.  Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection , 1996, ECCV.

[7]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition , 2014, ICLR.

[8]  M. Turk,et al.  Eigenfaces for Recognition , 1991, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[9]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deep Learning Face Representation from Predicting 10,000 Classes , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[10]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Learning Discriminant Face Descriptor , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[11]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  Local classifier chains for deep face recognition , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB).

[12]  R. Iman,et al.  Approximations of the critical region of the fbietkan statistic , 1980 .

[13]  Jian Sun,et al.  Identity Mappings in Deep Residual Networks , 2016, ECCV.

[14]  Dumitru Erhan,et al.  Deep Neural Networks for Object Detection , 2013, NIPS.

[15]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Deep Face Recognition , 2015, BMVC.

[16]  Matti Pietikäinen,et al.  Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[17]  James Philbin,et al.  FaceNet: A unified embedding for face recognition and clustering , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[18]  Shengcai Liao,et al.  Learning Multi-scale Block Local Binary Patterns for Face Recognition , 2007, ICB.

[19]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  Evaluation of a 3D-aided pose invariant 2D face recognition system , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB).

[20]  Tal Hassner,et al.  Do We Really Need to Collect Millions of Faces for Effective Face Recognition? , 2016, ECCV.

[21]  Aleix M. Martínez,et al.  Recognizing Imprecisely Localized, Partially Occluded, and Expression Variant Faces from a Single Sample per Class , 2002, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[22]  O. J. Dunn Multiple Comparisons among Means , 1961 .

[23]  Wen Gao,et al.  Hierarchical Ensemble of Global and Local Classifiers for Face Recognition , 2007, 2007 IEEE 11th International Conference on Computer Vision.

[24]  Kwan-Yee Kenneth Wong,et al.  A Multi-level Supporting Scheme for Face Recognition under Partial Occlusions and Disguise , 2010, ACCV.

[25]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deep Learning Face Attributes in the Wild , 2014, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[26]  M. Friedman The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumption of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance , 1937 .

[27]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks , 2012, Commun. ACM.

[28]  Andrea Lagorio,et al.  On the Use of SIFT Features for Face Authentication , 2006, 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'06).

[29]  Stan Z. Li,et al.  Age Estimation by Multi-scale Convolutional Network , 2014, ACCV.

[30]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  DeepID3: Face Recognition with Very Deep Neural Networks , 2015, ArXiv.

[31]  Wei Xu,et al.  CNN-RNN: A Unified Framework for Multi-label Image Classification , 2016, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[32]  Lawrence D. Jackel,et al.  Handwritten Digit Recognition with a Back-Propagation Network , 1989, NIPS.

[33]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  Hierarchical multi-label framework for robust face recognition , 2015, 2015 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB).

[34]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  UHDB31: A Dataset for Better Understanding Face Recognition Across Pose and Illumination Variation , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW).

[35]  Trevor Darrell,et al.  Caffe: Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding , 2014, ACM Multimedia.

[36]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Sparse representation or collaborative representation: Which helps face recognition? , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision.

[37]  M. Friedman A Comparison of Alternative Tests of Significance for the Problem of $m$ Rankings , 1940 .

[38]  Yang Zhong,et al.  Face attribute prediction using off-the-shelf CNN features , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB).

[39]  Shengcai Liao,et al.  Learning Face Representation from Scratch , 2014, ArXiv.

[40]  Rob Fergus,et al.  Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks , 2013, ECCV.

[41]  Donghoon Lee,et al.  Face attribute classification using attribute-aware correlation map and gated convolutional neural networks , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP).

[42]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  Hierarchical Multi-label Classification using Fully Associative Ensemble Learning , 2017, Pattern Recognit..

[43]  Michael S. Bernstein,et al.  ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge , 2014, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[44]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  Deep Learning Face Representation by Joint Identification-Verification , 2014, NIPS.

[45]  Simon C. K. Shiu,et al.  Multi-scale Patch Based Collaborative Representation for Face Recognition with Margin Distribution Optimization , 2012, ECCV.

[46]  Ming Yang,et al.  DeepFace: Closing the Gap to Human-Level Performance in Face Verification , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[47]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[48]  Boqing Gong,et al.  Improving Facial Attribute Prediction Using Semantic Segmentation , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[49]  Janez Demsar,et al.  Statistical Comparisons of Classifiers over Multiple Data Sets , 2006, J. Mach. Learn. Res..

[50]  Terrance E. Boult,et al.  MOON: A Mixed Objective Optimization Network for the Recognition of Facial Attributes , 2016, ECCV.

[51]  Jian Sun,et al.  Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[52]  Jieping Ye,et al.  A shared-subspace learning framework for multi-label classification , 2010, TKDD.

[53]  M MartínezAleix Recognizing Imprecisely Localized, Partially Occluded, and Expression Variant Faces from a Single Sample per Class , 2002 .

[54]  Allen Y. Yang,et al.  Robust Face Recognition via Sparse Representation , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[55]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  Pose-robust face signature for multi-view face recognition , 2015, 2015 IEEE 7th International Conference on Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS).

[56]  Anil K. Jain,et al.  Pushing the frontiers of unconstrained face detection and recognition: IARPA Janus Benchmark A , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[57]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  Fully Associative Ensemble Learning for Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification , 2014, BMVC.

[58]  Ioannis A. Kakadiaris,et al.  3D-2D face recognition with pose and illumination normalization , 2017, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[59]  Xuelong Li,et al.  Block-Row Sparse Multiview Multilabel Learning for Image Classification , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.

[60]  Jian Yang,et al.  Robust sparse coding for face recognition , 2011, CVPR 2011.