Production of Butyric Acid and Butanol from Biomass

Environmental Energy Inc has shown that BUTANOL REPLACES GASOLINE - 100 pct and has no pollution problems, and further proved it is possible to produce 2.5 gallons of butanol per bushel corn at a production cost of less than $1.00 per gallon. There are 25 pct more Btu-s available and an additional 17 pct more from hydrogen given off, from the same corn when making butanol instead of ethanol that is 42 pct more Btu-s more energy out than it takes to make - that is the plow to tire equation is positive for butanol. Butanol is far safer to handle than gasoline or ethanol. Butanol when substituted for gasoline gives better gas mileage and does not pollute as attested to in 10 states. Butanol should now receive the same recognition as a fuel alcohol in U.S. legislation as ethanol. There are many benefits to this technology in that Butanol replaces gasoline gallon for gallon as demonstrated in a 10,000 miles trip across the United States July-August 2005. No modifications at all were made to a 1992 Buick Park Avenue; essentially your family car can go down the road on Butanol today with no modifications, Butanol replaces gasoline. It ismore » that simple. Since Butanol replaces gasoline more Butanol needs to be made. There are many small farms across America which can grow energy crops and they can easily apply this technology. There is also an abundance of plant biomass present as low-value agricultural commodities or processing wastes requiring proper disposal to avoid pollution problems. One example is in the corn refinery industry with 10 million metric tons of corn byproducts that pose significant environmental problems. Whey lactose presents another waste management problem, 123,000 metric tons US, which can now be turned into automobile fuel. The fibrous bed bioreactor - FBB - with cells immobilized in the fibrous matrix packed in the reactor has been successfully used for several organic acid fermentations, including butyric and propionic acids with greatly increased reactor productivity, final product concentration, and product yield. Other advantages of the FBB include efficient and continuous operation without requiring repeated inoculation, elimination of cell lag phase, good long-term stability, self cleaning and easier downstream processing. The excellent reactor performance of the FBB can be attributed to the high viable cell density maintained in the bioreactor as a result of the unique cell immobilization mechanism within the porous fibrous matrix Since Butanol replaces gasoline in any car today - right now, its manufacturing from biomass is the focus of EEI and in the long term production of our transportation fuel from biomass will stabilize the cost of our fuel - the underpinning of all commerce. As a Strategic Chemical Butanol has a ready market as an industrial solvent used primarily as paint thinner which sells for twice the price of gasoline and is one entry point for the Company into an established market. However, butanol has demonstrated it is an excellent replacement for gasoline-gallon for gallon. The EEI process has made the economics of producing butanol from biomass for both uses very compelling. With the current costs for gasoline at $3.00 per gallon various size farmstead turn-key Butanol BioRefineries are proposed for 50-1,000 acre farms, to produce butanol as a fuel locally and sold locally. All butanol supplies worldwide are currently being produced from petroleum for $1.50 per gallon and selling for $3.80 wholesale. With the increasing price of gasoline it becomes feasible to manufacture and sell Butanol as a clean-safe replacement for gasoline. Grown locally - sold locally at gas prices. A 500 acre farm at 120 bushels corn per acre would make $150,000 at $2.50 per bushel for its corn, when turned into 150,000 gallons Butanol per year at 2.5 gallons per bushel the gross income would be $430,000. Butanol-s advantage is the fact that no other agricultural product made can be put directly into your gas tank without modifying your car. The farmer making and selling locally has no overhead for shipping, distribution, or the other aspects of selling butanol as an industrial solvent. There is a difference between selling to the industrial market or the neighbors of about 23 pct. Fuel grade is easier to make than solvent grade yielding another percent. There is a lot to be said for the farmer enabled to add value to his crop while reducing our consumption of foreign oil. But the unseen advantage of spreading the production of our fuel throughout the Bio-Belt of the Nation is that it increases Homeland Security. Environmental Energy Inc is commercializing its patented technology to produce Butanol as a direct replacement for gasoline by manufacturing and selling Turn-Key Butanol producing bioreactor platforms to the farming community.« less

[1]  George N. Bennett,et al.  Regulation of the sol Locus Genes for Butanol and Acetone Formation in Clostridium acetobutylicumATCC 824 by a Putative Transcriptional Repressor , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[2]  R. Marchal,et al.  Butyric fermentation: metabolic behaviour and production performance of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in a continuous culture with cell recycle , 1990, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[3]  R. Marchal,et al.  Control of the selectivity of butyric acid production and improvement of fermentation performance withClostridium tyrobutyricum , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[4]  N. Qureshi,et al.  Economics of Butanol Fermentation using Hyper-Butanol Producing Clostridium Beijerinckii BA101 , 2000 .

[5]  Mutsumi Takagi,et al.  Acetone-butanol fermentation by Clostridium aurantibutyricum ATCC 17777 from a model medium for palm oil mill effluent , 1996 .

[6]  C H Park,et al.  Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation in an immobilized cell trickle bed reactor , 1989, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[7]  K. H. Vaughan Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program , 1993 .

[8]  M. Jain,et al.  Influence of pH on butyrate uptake and solvent fermentation by a mutant strain of Clostridiumacetobutylicum , 1997 .

[9]  C. Harwood,et al.  Properties of Acetate Kinase Isozymes and a Branched-Chain Fatty Acid Kinase from a Spirochete , 1982, Journal of bacteriology.

[10]  K. Ch. A. M. Luyben,et al.  Integration of pervaporation and continuous butanol fermentation with immobilized cells: II: Mathematical modelling and simulations , 1991 .

[11]  Andrew J. Daugulis,et al.  Evaluation of solvents for extractive butanol fermentation with Clostridium acetobutylicum and the use of poly(propylene glycol) 1200 , 1992, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[12]  N. Qureshi,et al.  Continuous production of acetone-butanol-ethanol using immobilized cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum and integration with product removal by liquid-liquid extraction , 1995 .

[13]  J. Engasser,et al.  Influence of pH and undissociated butyric acid on the production of acetone and butanol in batch cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1984, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[14]  J. Engasser,et al.  The role of acids on the production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1985, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[15]  N. Qureshi,et al.  Production of Acetone Butanol Ethanol (ABE) by a Hyper‐Producing Mutant Strain of Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 and Recovery by Pervaporation , 1999, Biotechnology progress.

[16]  Kazuyuki Shimizu,et al.  Theoretical development and performance evaluation for extractive fermentation using multiple extractants , 1990, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[17]  H. Blaschek,et al.  Factors involved in the electroporation-induced transformation of Clostridium perfringens , 1990 .

[18]  M. Jain,et al.  Comparison of mutant and parent strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum: butyrate uptake at different temperatures , 1997 .

[19]  Characterization of an immobilized cell, trickle bed reactor during long term butanol (ABE) fermentation , 1990, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[20]  Shangtian Yang,et al.  Extractive fermentation for butyric acid production from glucose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[21]  A. Stams,et al.  Utilisation of biomass for the supply of energy carriers , 1999, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[22]  G. Bennett,et al.  Cloning, sequencing, and expression of genes encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 , 1996, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[23]  Shangtian Yang,et al.  Butyric acid production from acid hydrolysate of corn fibre by Clostridium tyrobutyricum in a fibrous-bed bioreactor , 2002 .

[24]  J. R. Martin,et al.  Effects of acetic and butyric acids on solvents production by Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1983, Biotechnology Letters.

[25]  S. Yang,et al.  Acetate production from whey lactose using co-immobilized cells of homolactic and homoacetic bacteria in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[26]  J. Zigová,et al.  Evaluation of solvent and pH for extractive fermentation of butyric acid , 1997 .

[27]  Green,et al.  Genetic manipulation of acid and solvent formation in clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[28]  P. Dürre,et al.  New insights and novel developments in clostridial acetone/butanol/isopropanol fermentation , 1998, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[29]  George T. Tsao,et al.  Enhancement of in situ adsorption on the acetone-butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1994 .

[30]  J. Ferry,et al.  Cloning, sequence analysis, and hyperexpression of the genes encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase from Methanosarcina thermophila , 1993, Journal of bacteriology.

[31]  D. R. Woods,et al.  The Clostridia and biotechnology , 1993 .

[32]  Shangtian Yang,et al.  Adaptation of Clostridiumtyrobutyricum for Enhanced Tolerance to Butyric Acid in a Fibrous‐Bed Bioreactor , 2003, Biotechnology progress.

[33]  Maximizing the production of acetone—butanol in an alginate bead fluidized bed reactor using clostridium acetobutylicum , 2007 .

[34]  P. Stragier,et al.  Antibiotic-resistance cassettes for Bacillus subtilis. , 1995, Gene.

[35]  T. Seki,et al.  Metabolism analysis and on-line physiological state diagnosis of acetone-butanol fermentation. , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[36]  I. Maddox,et al.  The acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation: recent progress in technology. , 1989, Biotechnology & genetic engineering reviews.

[37]  E. T. Papoutsakis,et al.  Continuous and biomass recycle fermentations of Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1989 .

[38]  M. Young,et al.  Recent advances in the genetics of the clostridia. , 1989, FEMS microbiology reviews.

[39]  Production of acetone-butanol-ethanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum using a spin filter perfusion bioreactor , 1994 .

[40]  R. Marchal,et al.  Butyrate production in continuous culture of Clostridium tyrobutyricum: effect of end-product inhibition , 1990, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[41]  Shangtian Yang,et al.  Extractive Fermentation for Enhanced Propionic Acid Production from Lactose by Propionibacterium acidipropionici , 1998, Biotechnology progress.

[42]  Q Geng,et al.  Pervaporative butanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum B18 , 1994, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[43]  M. F.,et al.  Bibliography , 1985, Experimental Gerontology.

[44]  Eric A. Johnson,et al.  Genetic transformation of Clostridium botulinum hall a by electroporation , 1993, Biotechnology Letters.

[45]  I. A. Rose [97] Acetate kinase of bacteria (acetokinase): Acetate + ATP ⇄ Acetyl-P + ADP☆ , 1955 .

[46]  K. Ch. A. M. Luyben,et al.  Butanol recovery from fermentations by liquid-liquid extraction and membrane solvent extraction , 1990 .

[47]  Henry Y. Wang,et al.  Effects of extractive fermentation on butyric acid production byClostridium acetobutylicum , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[48]  Chang-ho Park,et al.  Controlled-ph batch butanol-acetone fermentation by low acid producing Clostridium acetobutylicum B18 , 1993, Biotechnology Letters.

[49]  E. Papoutsakis,et al.  Cloning and expression of Clostridium acetobutylicum phosphotransbutyrylase and butyrate kinase genes in Escherichia coli , 1988, Journal of bacteriology.

[50]  Y. Y. Lee,et al.  In situ product separation in butanol fermentation by membrane-assisted extraction , 1989 .

[51]  Shangtian Yang,et al.  Continuous propionate production from whey permeate using a novel fibrous bed bioreactor , 1994, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[52]  Yan Huang,et al.  A novel recycle batch immobilized cell bioreactor for propionate production from whey lactose , 1995, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[53]  G. Goma,et al.  Acetonobutylic fermentation: Improvement of performances by coupling continuous fermentation and ultrafiltration , 1986, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[54]  K. Ch. A. M. Luyben,et al.  Integration of pervaporation and continuous butanol fermentation with immobilized cells. I: Experimental results , 1991 .

[55]  J. Nickoloff Electroporation Protocols for Microorganisms , 1995 .

[56]  G. Goma,et al.  Metabolic flexibility of Clostridium acetobutylicum in response to methyl viologen addition , 1994, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[57]  G. Gottschalk,et al.  The internal pH of Clostridium acetobutylicum and its effect on the shift from acid to solvent formation , 1985, Archives of Microbiology.

[58]  P. Dürre,et al.  Electroporation of, plasmid isolation from and plasmid conservation in Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792 , 1998, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[59]  Eva R. Kashket,et al.  Intracellular Conditions Required for Initiation of Solvent Production by Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1986, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[60]  G. Bennett,et al.  Identification and characterization of a second butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. , 2000, Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology.

[61]  G. R. Zoutberg,et al.  Glucose fermentation byClostridium butyricum grown under a self generated gas atmosphere in chemostat culture , 1985, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[62]  E. Papoutsakis,et al.  Equations and calculations of product yields and preferred pathways for butanediol and mixed‐acid fermentations , 1985, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[63]  N. Qureshi,et al.  Production of acetone-butanol-ethanol from concentrated substrates using Clostridium acetobutylicum in an integrated fermentation-product removal process , 1995 .

[64]  Large-scale enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass. Part 2: Conversion into acetone-butanol , 1992 .

[65]  M. Young,et al.  Restriction endonucleases in Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 and C. thermohydrosulfuricum DSM 568. , 1988, Journal of general microbiology.

[66]  J. G. Morris,et al.  The induction of acetone and butanol production in cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum by elevated concentrations of acetate and butyrate , 1981 .

[67]  J. G. Morris,et al.  Production of Solvents by Clostridium acetobutylicum Cultures Maintained at Neutral pH , 1984, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[68]  Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis,et al.  Antisense RNA Strategies for Metabolic Engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1999, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[69]  Yuliya Yoncheva,et al.  Acetate and Formate Stress: Opposite Responses in the Proteome of Escherichia coli , 2001, Journal of bacteriology.

[70]  G. Goma,et al.  Continuous acetone-butanol fermentation: influence of vitamins on the metabolic activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1987, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[71]  Shangtian Yang,et al.  Acetic Acid Production from Fructose by Clostridiumformicoaceticum Immobilized in a Fibrous‐Bed Bioreactor , 1998, Biotechnology progress.

[72]  E. Papoutsakis,et al.  Genetic manipulation of acid formation pathways by gene inactivation in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. , 1996, Microbiology.

[73]  G. Goma,et al.  Continuous acetone-butanol fermentation: a global approach for the improvement in the solvent productivity in synthetic medium , 2004, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[74]  C. L. Meyer,et al.  Continuous and biomass recycle fermentations of Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1989 .

[75]  L. Puigjaner,et al.  Study of butanol extraction through pervaporation in acetobutylic fermentation. , 1987, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[76]  K. Shimizu,et al.  Global metabolic regulation analysis for Escherichia coli K12 based on protein expression by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and enzyme activity measurement , 2003, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[77]  L. K. Bowles,et al.  Effects of butanol on Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1985, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[78]  George T. Tsao,et al.  Mathematical Modeling of Inhibition Kinetics in Acetone–Butanol Fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum , 1994 .

[79]  S. Ichihara,et al.  Identification and characterization of the ackA (acetate kinase A)-pta (phosphotransacetylase) operon and complementation analysis of acetate utilization by an ackA-pta deletion mutant of Escherichia coli. , 1994, Journal of biochemistry.

[80]  M. Phillips-Jones Introduction of recombinant DNA into Clostridium spp. , 1995, Methods in molecular biology.

[81]  H. Bahl,et al.  Effect of pH and butyrate concentration on the production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum grown in continuous culture , 1982, European journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology.

[82]  Eric Favre,et al.  Extraction of 1-butanol from aqueous solutions by pervaporation , 1996 .

[83]  G. Venemâ,et al.  Effect of Plasmid Incompatibility on DNA Transfer to Streptococcus cremoris , 1988, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[84]  J. Zigová,et al.  Butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum with integrated extraction and pertraction , 1999 .

[85]  M. Hartmanis Butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[86]  E. Papoutsakis,et al.  Phosphotransbutyrylase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and its role in acidogenesis , 1989, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[87]  Brian H. Davison,et al.  Continuous direct solvent extraction of butanol in a fermenting fluidized-bed bioreactor with immobilizedClostridium acetobutylicum , 1993 .

[88]  G. T. Tsao,et al.  Enhanced acetone‐butanol fermentation using repeated fed‐batch operation coupled with cell recycle by membrane and simultaneous removal of inhibitory products by adsorption , 1995, Biotechnology and bioengineering.