Approximate entropy of human respiratory movement during eye-closed waking and different sleep stages.

STUDY OBJECTIVE The breath-to-breath variability of respiratory parameters changes with sleep stage. This study investigates any alteration in the approximate entropy (ApEn) of respiratory movement as a gauge of complexity in respiration, by stage of consciousness, in the light of putative brain interactions. PARTICIPANTS Eight healthy men, who were between the ages of 23 and 29 years, were investigated. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The signals of chest wall movement and EEG were recorded from 10:30 PM to 6:00 AM. After analog-to-digital conversion, the ApEn of respiratory movement (3 min) and EEG (20 s) were computed. Surrogate data were tested for nonlinearity in the original time series. The most impressive reduction in the ApEn of respiratory movement was associated with stage IV sleep, when the ApEn of the EEG was also statistically significantly decreased. A statistically significant linear relation is found between the ApEn of both variables. Surrogate data indicated that respiratory movement had nonlinear properties during all stages of consciousness that were investigated. CONCLUSION Respiratory movement and EEG signals are more regular during stage IV sleep than during other stages of consciousness. The change in complexity described by the ApEn of respiration depends in part on the ApEn of the EEG, suggesting the involvement of nonlinear dynamic processes in the coordination between brain and lungs.

[1]  James Theiler,et al.  Testing for nonlinearity in time series: the method of surrogate data , 1992 .

[2]  Steven M. Pincus,et al.  Approximate Entropy: A Regularity Measure for Fetal Heart Rate Analysis , 1992, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[3]  Phillipson Ea,et al.  Control of breathing during sleep. , 1978 .

[4]  Pincus Sm,et al.  Approximate Entropy: A Regularity Measure for Fetal Heart Rate Analysis , 1992, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[5]  M. Polkey,et al.  Respiratory aspects of neurological disease , 1999, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[6]  S M Pincus,et al.  Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  M. Tobin,et al.  Effect of alterations in mental activity on the breathing pattern in healthy subjects. , 1991, The American review of respiratory disease.

[8]  A. Babloyantz,et al.  Predictability of human EEG: a dynamical approach , 1991, Biological Cybernetics.

[9]  John Orem,et al.  Physiology of Sleep , 1952 .

[10]  M. Sammon,et al.  Vagal afferent activity increases dynamical dimension of respiration in rats. , 1991, Journal of applied physiology.

[11]  Schreiber,et al.  Improved Surrogate Data for Nonlinearity Tests. , 1996, Physical review letters.

[12]  D. Hoyer,et al.  Nonlinear analysis of heart rate and respiratory dynamics , 1997, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.

[13]  F. Takens.  Detecting strange attractors in turbulence , 1981 .

[14]  G. Williams.  Chaos theory tamed , 1997 .

[15]  A C Bryan,et al.  Changes in ventilation and chest wall mechanics during sleep in normal adolescents. , 1981, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[16]  A. Babloyantz,et al.  Evidence of Chaotic Dynamics of Brain Activity During the Sleep Cycle , 1985 .

[17]  J. Ramirez,et al.  Reconfiguration of the neural network controlling multiple breathing patterns: eupnea, sighs and gasps , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[18]  C. Sullivan.  7 – Breathing in Sleep , 1980 .

[19]  J. Sleigh,et al.  Comparison of bispectral index, 95% spectral edge frequency and approximate entropy of the EEG, with changes in heart rate variability during induction of general anaesthesia. , 1999, British journal of anaesthesia.

[20]  Locatie HoornEnkhuizen.  EEG , 2001, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[21]  J. Bruhn,et al.  Approximate Entropy as an Electroencephalographic Measure of Anesthetic Drug Effect during Desflurane Anesthesia , 2000, Anesthesiology.

[22]  Gert Pfurtscheller,et al.  Ultralangsame Schwankungen innerhalb der rhythmischen Aktivität im Alpha-Band und deren mögliche Ursachen , 2004, Pflügers Archiv.

[23]  P. Rapp,et al.  Re-examination of the evidence for low-dimensional, nonlinear structure in the human electroencephalogram. , 1996, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[24]  Franz Halberg,et al.  Relationship between correlation dimension and indices of linear analysis in both respiratory movement and electroencephalogram , 2001, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[25]  M L Johnson,et al.  Enhanced basal and disorderly growth hormone secretion distinguish acromegalic from normal pulsatile growth hormone release. , 1994, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[26]  A. Rechtschaffen.  A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep of human subjects , 1968 .

[27]  Gert Pfurtscheller,et al.  Application of the correlation integral to respiratory data of infants during REM sleep , 1995, Biological Cybernetics.

[28]  J D Veldhuis,et al.  Increased disorderliness and amplified basal and pulsatile aldosterone secretion in patients with primary aldosteronism. , 1995, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[29]  Steven M. Pincus,et al.  Quantification of hormone pulsatility via an approximate entropy algorithm. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[30]  E. Shimizu,et al.  NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY MOVEMENT DURING DIFFERENT SLEEP STAGES , 2001, Chronobiology international.

[31]  J. Röschke,et al.  A nonlinear approach to brain function: deterministic chaos and sleep EEG. , 1992, Sleep.

[32]  S. Rombouts,et al.  Investigation of EEG non-linearity in dementia and Parkinson's disease. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[33]  G G Haddad,et al.  Heart rate control in normal and aborted-SIDS infants. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[34]  G. Pfurtscheller.  [Ultra-slow changes in the rhythmic activity within the alpha band and their probable origin (author's transl)]. , 1976, Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology.

[35]  S M Pincus,et al.  Irregularity and asynchrony in biologic network signals. , 2000, Methods in enzymology.

[36]  D. T. Kaplan,et al.  Aging and the complexity of cardiovascular dynamics. , 1991, Biophysical journal.

[37]  Eiji Shimizu,et al.  Non‐linear behaviour of respiratory movement in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome , 2002, Clinical physiology and functional imaging.

[38]  G. Donaldson,et al.  The chaotic behaviour of resting human respiration. , 1992, Respiration physiology.

[39]  E. Wolpert.  A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. , 1969 .

[40]  P B Persson,et al.  Rhythms and complexity of respiration during sleep in pre-term infants. , 1999, Clinical physiology.

[41]  M. Engoren,et al.  Approximate entropy of respiratory rate and tidal volume during weaning from mechanical ventilation. , 1998, Critical care medicine.

[42]  R. Lydic.  Reticular modulation of breathing during sleep and anesthesia. , 1996, Current opinion in pulmonary medicine.

[43]  E. Phillipson,et al.  Control of breathing during sleep. , 1978, The American review of respiratory disease.