Inorganic scintillation detectors in γ-ray spectrometry

This work summarizes progress in the development of scintillation detectors for γ-ray spectrometry achieved in the last 50 years. The limitations of energy resolution are discussed with a special emphasis on non-proportional response of scintillators to γ-rays and electrons, which is of crucial importance to an intrinsic resolution of the crystals.

[1]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Application of large area avalanche photodiodes to study scintillators at liquid nitrogen temperatures , 2003 .

[2]  R. B. Murray,et al.  Scintillation Response of Activated Inorganic Crystals to Various Charged Particles , 1961 .

[3]  G. H. Narayan,et al.  Electron responses and intrinsic line-widths in NaI(Tl) , 1969 .

[4]  P. Iredale,et al.  The non-proportional response of NaI(Tl) crystals to γ-rays , 1961 .

[5]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Energy resolution and light yield non-proportionality of ZnSe : Te scintillator studied by large area avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers , 2002 .

[6]  S. Wender Bismuth Germanate as a High-Energy Gamma-Ray Detector , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[7]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Intrinsic energy resolution of NaI(Tl) , 2002 .

[8]  A method of determining the absolute scintillation efficiency of an NaI(Ti) crystal for gamma rays , 1969 .

[9]  Non-linear Response In The Scintillation Yield Of Lu/sub 2/ SiO/sub 5/ O:Ce/sup 3+/ , 1993 .

[10]  P. Dorenbos,et al.  High-energy-resolution scintillator: Ce3+ activated LaBr3 , 2000 .

[11]  P. Iredale The effect of the non-proportional response of NaI(Tl) crystals to electrons upon the resolution for γ-rays , 1961 .

[12]  S. Sarkar,et al.  Further results on cerium fluoride crystals , 1993 .

[13]  N. H. Lazar,et al.  Intrinsic Scintillator Resolution , 1956, IRE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[14]  G. H. Narayan,et al.  The Contribution of the NaI(Tl) Crystal to the Total Linewidth of NaI(Tl) Scintillation Counters , 1968 .

[15]  H. B. Newman,et al.  A study on the properties of lead tungstate crystals , 1996 .

[16]  Carlo Fiorini,et al.  Gamma ray spectroscopy with CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to silicon drift chamber , 1997 .

[17]  M. Moszynski,et al.  A method for picosecond lifetime measurements for neutron-rich nuclei: (1) Outline of the method , 1989 .

[18]  D. Wolski,et al.  Energy resolution of scintillation detectors readout with large area avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers , 1998 .

[19]  C. D’Ambrosio,et al.  On the scintillation response of NaI(TI)-crystals , 1997 .

[20]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  Benchmarking NaI(TI) electron energy resolution measurements , 2001 .

[21]  M. Moszynski,et al.  A high-energy resolution observed from a YAP : Ce scintillator , 1999 .

[22]  R. Bell,et al.  Direct measurement of the primary photoelectron yield in sodium iodide scintillation counters , 1968 .

[23]  D. Wolski,et al.  Properties of the new LuAP:Ce scintillator , 1997 .

[24]  R. Allemand,et al.  Barium fluoride — Inorganic scintillator for subnanosecond timing , 1983 .

[25]  D. Engelkemeir Nonlinear Response of NaI(Tl) to Photons , 1956 .

[26]  T. H. Jones THE NONPROPORTIONAL RESPONSE OF A NaI(Tl) CRYSTAL TO DIFFRACTED X RAYS , 1962 .

[27]  W. Moses,et al.  Prospects for new inorganic scintillators , 1990 .

[28]  K. Takagi,et al.  Cerium‐activated Gd2SiO5 single crystal scintillator , 1983 .

[29]  M. Moszynski,et al.  A method for picosecond lifetime measurements for neutron-rich nuclei (2) Timing study with scintillation counters , 1989 .

[30]  Eiji Sakai,et al.  Recent Measurements on Scintillator-Photodetector Systems , 1987, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[31]  P. Twin,et al.  The performance of a bismuth germanate escape suppressed spectrometer , 1985 .

[32]  J. Iwanczyk,et al.  New concepts for scintillator/HgI/sub 2/ gamma ray spectroscopy , 1993 .

[33]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Energy resolution and light yield non-proportionality of pure NaI scintillator studied with large area avalanche photodiodes at liquid nitrogen temperatures , 2002 .

[34]  David Ramsden,et al.  The optimisation of small CsI(Tl) gamma-ray detectors , 1992 .

[35]  R. B. Murray,et al.  Intrinsic line broadening in NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometers , 1961 .

[36]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  Scintillator light yield nonproportionality: calculating photon response using measured electron response , 1997 .

[37]  P. Dorenbos,et al.  Non-proportionality in the scintillation response and the energy resolution obtainable with scintill , 1995 .

[38]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  The measured electron response nonproportionalities of CaF/sub 2/, BGO, and LSO , 1997 .

[39]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Scintillation properties and mechanism in Lu0.8Y0.2AlO3:Ce , 2002 .

[40]  D. Wolski,et al.  YSO, LSO, CSO and LGSO. A study of energy resolution and nonproportionality , 1999 .

[41]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Large area avalanche photodiodes in scintillation and X-rays detection $ , 2002 .

[42]  B. L. Beron,et al.  The Fluorescent Response of NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), CsI(Na) and CaF2(Eu) to X-Rays and Low Energy Gamma Rays , 1967 .

[43]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  Benchmarking the Compton coincidence technique for measuring electron response non-proportionality in inorganic scintillators , 1995, 1995 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record.

[44]  R. Hofstadter Alkali Halide Scintillation Counters , 1948 .

[45]  D. Wolski,et al.  Properties of the YAP : Ce scintillator , 1998 .

[46]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  The light yield nonproportionality component of scintillator energy resolution , 1997, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record.

[47]  Frank J. Lynch,et al.  Improved Timing with NaI(Tl) , 1966 .

[48]  J. Valentine,et al.  Design of a Compton spectrometer experiment for studying scintillator non-linearity and intrinsic energy resolution , 1994 .

[49]  J. D. Valentine,et al.  Light yield nonproportionality of CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), and YAP , 1997 .

[50]  Z. Cho,et al.  Bismuth germanate as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras. , 1977, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[51]  O. H. Nestor,et al.  Bismuth Germanate: A High-Z Gamma-Ray and Charged Particle Detector , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[52]  M. Moszynski,et al.  PROPERTIES OF CsF, A FAST INORGANIC SCINTILLATOR IN ENERGY AND TIME SPECTROSCOPY , 1981 .

[53]  M. Moszynski,et al.  Absolute light output of scintillators , 1997 .