Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, surface functional strategies and biomedical applications

Abstract This review focuses on the recent development and various strategies in the preparation, microstructure, and magnetic properties of bare and surface functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs); their corresponding biological application was also discussed. In order to implement the practical in vivo or in vitro applications, the IONPs must have combined properties of high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility, and interactive functions at the surface. Moreover, the surface of IONPs could be modified by organic materials or inorganic materials, such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The new functionalized strategies, problems and major challenges, along with the current directions for the synthesis, surface functionalization and bioapplication of IONPs, are considered. Finally, some future trends and the prospects in these research areas are also discussed.

[1]  R. Arakawa,et al.  Human Serum Albumin-modified Fe_3O_4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Affinity-SALDI-MS of Small-Molecule Drugs in Biological Liquids , 2012, Analytical Sciences.

[2]  Dongming Qi,et al.  Transition-metal salt-containing silica nanocapsules elaborated via salt-induced interfacial deposition in inverse miniemulsions as precursor to functional hollow silica particles. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[3]  Luis Torres,et al.  Micromagnetic simulations using Graphics Processing Units , 2012 .

[4]  S. Achilefu,et al.  Single step aerosol synthesis of nanocomposites by aerosol routes: γ-Fe_2O_3/SiO_2 and their functionalization , 2011 .

[5]  Sònia Estradé,et al.  Distinguishing the core from the shell in MnO(x)/MnO(y) and FeO(x)/MnO(x) core/shell nanoparticles through quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis. , 2012, Micron.

[6]  Fangming Zhan,et al.  Bifunctional nanoparticles with superparamagnetic and luminescence properties , 2011 .

[7]  T. Cheng,et al.  One-step solvothermal synthesis of highly water-soluble, negatively charged superparamagnetic Fe3O4 colloidal nanocrystal clusters. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[8]  A. Demortière,et al.  Size-dependent properties of magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[9]  X. Su,et al.  Multifunctional Fe3O4–CdTe@SiO2–carboxymethyl chitosan drug nanocarriers: synergistic effect towards magnetic targeted drug delivery and cell imaging , 2014 .

[10]  Brad W. Zeiger,et al.  Sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[11]  Xianluo Hu,et al.  α‐Fe2O3 Nanorings Prepared by a Microwave‐Assisted Hydrothermal Process and Their Sensing Properties , 2007 .

[12]  M. Port,et al.  In vitro biomedical applications of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles, including those not related to magnetic properties. , 2010, Contrast media & molecular imaging.

[13]  A. Gedanken,et al.  Sonochemical Synthesis under a Magnetic Field: Structuring Magnetite Nanoparticles and the Destabilization of a Colloidal Magnetic Aqueous Solution under a Magnetic Field , 2008 .

[14]  C. Galbán,et al.  Polyethylene glycol modified, cross-linked starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced magnetic tumor targeting. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[15]  J. S. Cheung,et al.  Enhancement of gas‐filled microbubble R2* by iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[16]  George C. Schatz,et al.  Correlated Structure and Optical Property Studies of Plasmonic Nanoparticles , 2011 .

[17]  R. Walton.  Subcritical solvothermal synthesis of condensed inorganic materials. , 2002, Chemical Society reviews.

[18]  Brian S. Hawkett,et al.  Optimized steric stabilization of aqueous ferrofluids and magnetic nanoparticles. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[19]  X. Qu,et al.  Hierarchical magnetic core-shell nanoarchitectures: non-linker reagent synthetic route and applications in a biomolecule separation system , 2012 .

[20]  Chenjie Xu,et al.  Dumbbell-like Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles for target-specific platin delivery. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[21]  Minghui Yang,et al.  Electrochemical immunosensors for cancer biomarker with signal amplification based on ferrocene functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[22]  Eugene Shi Guang Choo,et al.  Optimization of surface coating on Fe3O4 nanoparticles for high performance magnetic hyperthermia agents , 2012 .

[23]  A. P. Alivisatos,et al.  A new nonhydrolytic single-precursor approach to surfactant-capped nanocrystals of transition metal oxides , 1999 .

[24]  Yu Xiao,et al.  Shape memory effect of poly(D,L-lactide)/Fe3O4 nanocomposites by inductive heating of magnetite particles. , 2009, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[25]  Dingsheng Wang,et al.  Synthesis of Nearly Monodisperse Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide Nanocrystals , 2006 .

[26]  R. Feigelson.  50 years progress in crystal growth : a reprint collection , 2004 .

[27]  V. Rotello,et al.  Protein-passivated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles: low toxicity and rapid heating for thermal therapy. , 2008, Journal of materials chemistry.

[28]  Patrick Couvreur,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticles: design and characterization, toxicity and biocompatibility, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[29]  K. Suslick,et al.  Applications of Ultrasound to the Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials , 2010, Advanced materials.

[30]  Hongzheng Chen,et al.  Novel α-Fe2O3/CdS cornlike nanorods with enhanced photocatalytic performance. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[31]  Ajay Kumar Gupta,et al.  Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[32]  Aiqin Wang,et al.  Spray-dried magnetic chitosan/Fe3O4/halloysite nanotubes/ofloxacin microspheres for sustained release of ofloxacin , 2013 .

[33]  M. Gao,et al.  Magnetic Janus Particles Prepared by a Flame Synthetic Approach: Synthesis, Characterizations and Properties , 2009 .

[34]  C. O'connor,et al.  Magnetic properties of variable-sized Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized from non-aqueous homogeneous solutions of polyols , 2007 .

[35]  J. Vermant,et al.  Directed self-assembly of nanoparticles. , 2010, ACS nano.

[36]  Zhi-Jun Zhang,et al.  Synthesis of a novel magnetic drug delivery system composed of doxorubicin-conjugated Fe3O4 nanoparticle cores and a PEG-functionalized porous silica shell. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[37]  M. E. Williams,et al.  Controlling transport and chemical functionality of magnetic nanoparticles. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[38]  Z. Su,et al.  Facile and fast synthesis of urchin-shaped Fe3O4@Bi2S3 core-shell hierarchical structures and their magnetically recyclable photocatalytic activity , 2012 .

[39]  T. Barder,et al.  Controlled Growth of Monodisperse Silica Spheres in the Micron Size Range , 2017 .

[40]  A. Reyhanitabar,et al.  Reductive removal of Cr(VI) by starch-stabilized Fe0 nanoparticles in aqueous solution , 2011 .

[41]  L. Bronstein,et al.  Development of Fe/Fe3O4 core-shell nanocubes as a promising magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[42]  J. Zhuang,et al.  Gas-bubble effects on the formation of colloidal iron oxide nanocrystals. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  V. Dravid,et al.  Effect of silica shell thickness of Fe3O4–SiOx core–shell nanostructures on MRI contrast , 2013, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[44]  M. Saboungi,et al.  Magnetic nanocarriers of doxorubicin coated with poly(ethylene glycol) and folic acid: relation between coating structure, surface properties, colloidal stability, and cancer cell targeting. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[45]  R. Frankel,et al.  Magnetosome formation in prokaryotes , 2004, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[46]  Jianping Li,et al.  Novel Magnetic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Methylene Blue Composite Amperometric Biosensor for DNA Determination , 2009 .

[47]  Kezheng Chen,et al.  A Facile Approach to Fabrication of Bifunctional Magnetic-Optical Fe3O4@ZnS Microspheres , 2009 .

[48]  P. Perriat,et al.  Dendronized iron oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents for MRI. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[49]  R. Laudise.  Hydrothermal Synthesis of Crystals , 1987 .

[50]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles as Nanosensors to Probe for Molecular Interactions , 2004, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[51]  Marc D Feldman,et al.  Small multifunctional nanoclusters (nanoroses) for targeted cellular imaging and therapy. , 2009, ACS nano.

[52]  G. Ou,et al.  Fe3O4–Au and Fe2O3–Au Hybrid Nanorods: Layer-by-Layer Assembly Synthesis and Their Magnetic and Optical Properties , 2010, Nanoscale research letters.

[53]  N. Perkas,et al.  Sonochemical stabilization of ultrafine colloidal biocompatible magnetite nanoparticles using amino acid, L-arginine, for possible bio applications. , 2010, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[54]  Ana C. A. Roque,et al.  A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide magnetic colloids modified with polysaccharides. , 2011, Biotechnology advances.

[55]  P. Guardia,et al.  Tuning the Size, the Shape, and the Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles , 2011 .

[56]  Wei Lu,et al.  A Non-Alkoxide Sol-Gel Method for the Preparation of Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles , 2011 .

[57]  Zhichuan J. Xu,et al.  Magnetic core/shell Fe3O4/Au and Fe3O4/Au/Ag nanoparticles with tunable plasmonic properties. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[58]  J. Xue,et al.  Synthesis of porous hollow Fe3O4 beads and their applications in lithium ion batteries , 2012 .

[59]  Roberto Cingolani,et al.  Controlled release of doxorubicin loaded within magnetic thermo-responsive nanocarriers under magnetic and thermal actuation in a microfluidic channel. , 2012, ACS nano.

[60]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  Fabrication of iron oxide core/gold shell submicrometer spheres with nanoscale surface roughness for efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering , 2009 .

[61]  A. Roig,et al.  Surface Reactivity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Microwave- Assisted Synthesis; Comparison with the Thermal Decomposition Route , 2012 .

[62]  Ki-Bum Kim,et al.  Non-volatile nano-floating gate memory with Pt-Fe2O3 composite nanoparticles and indium gallium zinc oxide channel , 2013, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[63]  Marie-Hélène Delville,et al.  Fine tuning of the relaxometry of γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 nanoparticles by tweaking the silica coating thickness. , 2010, ACS nano.

[64]  Morteza Mahmoudi,et al.  Engineered nanoparticles for biomolecular imaging. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[65]  Yufang Zhu,et al.  Folate-Conjugated Fe3O4@SiO2 Hollow Mesoporous Spheres for Targeted Anticancer Drug Delivery , 2010 .

[66]  Bing Xu,et al.  Facile one-pot synthesis of bifunctional heterodimers of nanoparticles: a conjugate of quantum dot and magnetic nanoparticles. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[67]  N. Duc,et al.  Structural and magnetic properties of starch-coated magnetite nanoparticles , 2009 .

[68]  Siu Kai Kong,et al.  Folate-conjugated Fe3O4@SiO2@gold nanorods@mesoporous SiO2 hybrid nanomaterial: a theranostic agent for magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[69]  Alaaldin M. Alkilany,et al.  Chemical sensing and imaging with metallic nanorods. , 2008, Chemical communications.

[70]  Su He Wang,et al.  Facile one-pot preparation, surface functionalization, and toxicity assay of APTS-coated iron oxide nanoparticles , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[71]  F. Favier,et al.  Electrochemical Synthesis for the Control of γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticle Size. Morphology, Microstructure, and Magnetic Behavior , 1999 .

[72]  R. Ma,et al.  Shape-Controlled Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanocubes , 2010 .

[73]  Sònia Estradé,et al.  Resolving material-specific structures within Fe₃O₄|γ-Mn₂O₃ core|shell nanoparticles using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering. , 2013, ACS nano.

[74]  Byeongdu Lee,et al.  Formation of iron(III) (hydr)oxides on polyaspartate- and alginate-coated substrates: effects of coating hydrophilicity and functional group. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[75]  J. Bulte,et al.  Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging , 2008 .

[76]  R. F. Jardim,et al.  Magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with oleic and dodecanoic acids , 2010, 1004.2231.

[77]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Cyclodextrin functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals: a host-carrier for magnetic separation of non-polar molecules and arsenic from aqueous media , 2012 .

[78]  R. John,et al.  In vivo magnetomotive optical molecular imaging using targeted magnetic nanoprobes , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[79]  F. Gu,et al.  Development of acolorimetric, superparamagnetic biosensor for the capture and detection of biomolecules. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[80]  Matthias Zeisberger,et al.  Size-dependant heating rates of iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia. , 2009, Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials.

[81]  Ick Chan Kwon,et al.  Engineered polymers for advanced drug delivery. , 2009, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

[82]  Yufang Zhu,et al.  Rattle-type Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2) hollow mesoporous spheres as carriers for drug delivery. , 2010, Small.

[83]  Y. Shieh,et al.  Magnetic chitosan/iron (II, III) oxide nanoparticles prepared by spray-drying , 2010 .

[84]  Jun‐Jie Zhu,et al.  Microwave-assisted synthesis of a biocompatible polyacid-conjugated Fe3O4 superparamagnetic hybrid , 2011 .

[85]  R. Gilbert,et al.  Altering iron oxide nanoparticle surface properties induce cortical neuron cytotoxicity. , 2012, Chemical research in toxicology.

[86]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Studies of Fe3O4-chitosan nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation under the magnetic field for lipase immobilization , 2011 .

[87]  R. C. Liu,et al.  Synthesis of iron oxide nanocubes via microwave-assisted solvolthermal method , 2010 .

[88]  Qianwang Chen,et al.  Bifunctional luminescent superparamagnetic nanocomposites of CdSe/CdS-Fe3O4 synthesized via a facile method , 2012 .

[89]  Samir Mitragotri,et al.  Physical approaches to biomaterial design. , 2009, Nature materials.

[90]  M. Khil,et al.  Encapsulation of Fe3O4 in gelatin nanoparticles: effect of different parameters on size and stability of the colloidal dispersion. , 2008, Journal of microencapsulation.

[91]  C. Berkland,et al.  In Situ Synthesis of Iron Oxide within Polyvinylamine Nanoparticle Reactors , 2009 .

[92]  M. L. Curri,et al.  Biofunctionalization of anisotropic nanocrystalline semiconductor-magnetic heterostructures. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[93]  A. Yu,et al.  Size-Controlled Synthesis of Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles Coated with Glucose and Gluconic Acid from a Single Fe(III) Precursor by a Sucrose Bifunctional Hydrothermal Method , 2009 .

[94]  S. R. Vadera,et al.  Synthesis of Fe3O4@Y2O3:Eu3+ core–shell multifunctional nanoparticles and their magnetic and luminescence properties , 2013 .

[95]  Dong Yang,et al.  Suppression of composite nanoparticle aggregation through steric stabilization and ligand exchange for colorimetric protein detection , 2013 .

[96]  C. Galbán,et al.  Magnetic brain tumor targeting and biodistribution of long-circulating PEG-modified, cross-linked starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[97]  Meng Yang,et al.  Multifunctional Ag@Fe2O3 yolk–shell nanoparticles for simultaneous capture, kill, and removal of pathogen , 2011 .

[98]  Yafei Zhang,et al.  Fabrication and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanowire arrays in different diameters , 2009 .

[99]  N. Popa,et al.  Iron oxide-based nanoparticles with different mean sizes obtained by the laser pyrolysis: structural and magnetic properties. , 2010, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[100]  C. Kumar,et al.  Influence of Gold Nanoshell on Hyperthermia of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs). , 2010, The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces.

[101]  In Su Lee,et al.  Reductive dissolution of Fe3O4 facilitated by the Au domain of an Fe3O4/Au hybrid nanocrystal: formation of a nanorattle structure composed of a hollow porous silica nanoshell and entrapped Au nanocrystal. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[102]  A. Wu,et al.  Multifunctional Fe3O4-TiO2 nanocomposites for magnetic resonance imaging and potential photodynamic therapy. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[103]  William W. Yu,et al.  Food related applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Enzyme immobilization, protein purification, and food analysis , 2012 .

[104]  Shaojun Dong,et al.  A general route to construct diverse multifunctional Fe3O4/metal hybrid nanostructures. , 2009, Chemistry.

[105]  Jonathan S. Dordick,et al.  Radio-Wave Heating of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Can Regulate Plasma Glucose in Mice , 2012, Science.

[106]  A. Cooper,et al.  Direct coprecipitation route to monodisperse dual-functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals without size selection. , 2008, Small.

[107]  Kai-Hsiang Chuang,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide--loaded poly(lactic acid)-D-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate copolymer nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[108]  E. Atalar,et al.  Focused RF hyperthermia using magnetic fluids. , 2009, Medical physics.

[109]  Y. Mugnier,et al.  Individual inorganic nanoparticles: preparation, functionalization and in vitro biomedical diagnostic applications. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[110]  B. Yan,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble magnetite nanocrystals via one-step sol-gel pathway , 2011 .

[111]  Dong-Hwang Chen,et al.  Structural characterization and self-assembly into superlattices of iron oxide–gold core–shell nanoparticles synthesized via a high-temperature organometallic route , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[112]  Juan Zhou,et al.  Large-Scale and Controlled Synthesis of Iron Oxide Magnetic Short Nanotubes: Shape Evolution, Growth Mechanism, and Magnetic Properties , 2010 .

[113]  Dapeng Liu,et al.  Synthesis of 3D Hierarchical Fe3O4/Graphene Composites with High Lithium Storage Capacity and for Controlled Drug Delivery , 2011 .

[114]  M. El-Masry,et al.  Magnetic Polymer Composite Particles Via In situ Inverse Miniemulsion Polymerization Process , 2010 .

[115]  D. Brougham,et al.  Epoxy Ring Opening Phase Transfer as a General Route to Water Dispersible Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Their Application as Positive MRI Contrast Agents , 2011 .

[116]  R. Richardson,et al.  Fe3O4 nanoparticles: protein-mediated crystalline magnetic superstructures , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[117]  Juan Zhou,et al.  Controllable synthesis, magnetic properties, and enhanced photocatalytic activity of spindlelike mesoporous α-Fe(2)O(3)/ZnO core-shell heterostructures. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[118]  Cristina Freire,et al.  Superparamagnetic MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Mn) Nanoparticles: Tuning the Particle Size and Magnetic Properties through a Novel One-Step Coprecipitation Route , 2012 .

[119]  Ying Zhuo,et al.  Bienzyme functionalized three-layer composite magnetic nanoparticles for electrochemical immunosensors. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[120]  张涛,et al.  Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1 FeOx , 2011 .

[121]  Dongyun Chen,et al.  A facile preparation of targetable pH-sensitive polymeric nanocarriers with encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles for controlled drug release , 2012 .

[122]  S. Järås,et al.  Comparison and functionalization study of microemulsion-prepared magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[123]  T. Young,et al.  Arsenic Removal from Water Using Flame-Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Variable Oxidation States , 2013, Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research.

[124]  Xiaolian Sun,et al.  Dumbbell-like PtPd-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for enhanced electrochemical detection of H₂O₂. , 2012, Nano letters.

[125]  R. Misra,et al.  Magnetic drug-targeting carrier encapsulated with thermosensitive smart polymer: core-shell nanoparticle carrier and drug release response. , 2007, Acta biomaterialia.

[126]  Ling-wei Hu,et al.  Microwave-assisted one-step hydrothermal synthesis of pure iron oxide nanoparticles: magnetite, maghemite and hematite , 2011 .

[127]  Zhijun Zhang,et al.  Composites of aminodextran-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and graphene oxide for cellular magnetic resonance imaging. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[128]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Grafting of 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin on Gum Arabic-Modified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Magnetic Carrier for Targeted Delivery of Hydrophobic Anticancer Drug , 2010 .

[129]  C. Deng,et al.  Synthesis of Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2)@PMMA core-shell-shell magnetic microspheres for highly efficient enrichment of peptides and proteins for MALDI-ToF MS analysis. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[130]  D. Arifin,et al.  Multifunctional capsule-in-capsules for immunoprotection and trimodal imaging. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[131]  Warren S Warren,et al.  Molecular MRI for sensitive and specific detection of lung metastases , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[132]  M. Saboungi,et al.  Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Biocompatible Super-paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Magnetic Anticancer Drug Carrier and Fluorescence Active Label , 2010 .

[133]  Q. Pankhurst,et al.  Elucidating the morphological and structural evolution of iron oxide nanoparticles formed by sodium carbonate in aqueous medium , 2012 .

[134]  A. Caneschi,et al.  Water-soluble rhamnose-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. , 2009, Organic letters.

[135]  Wei Wu,et al.  Facile method to synthesize magnetic iron oxides/TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles and their photodegradation application of methylene blue , 2011, Nanoscale research letters.

[136]  Min Wei,et al.  Preparation of Fe3O4@SiO2@layered double hydroxide core-shell microspheres for magnetic separation of proteins. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[137]  Taeghwan Hyeon,et al.  Ultra-large-scale syntheses of monodisperse nanocrystals , 2004, Nature materials.

[138]  One-pot fabrication of carboxyl-functionalized biocompatible magnetic nanocrystals for conjugation with targeting agents , 2010 .

[139]  Jian Jiang,et al.  Seed-assisted synthesis of highly ordered TiO2@α-Fe2O3 core/shell arrays on carbon textiles for lithium-ion battery applications , 2012 .

[140]  R. Miranda,et al.  Controlled synthesis of uniform magnetite nanocrystals with high-quality properties for biomedical applications , 2012 .

[141]  Hao Zeng,et al.  Size-controlled synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[142]  T. Yen,et al.  The accumulation of dual pH and temperature responsive micelles in tumors. , 2012, Biomaterials.

[143]  Yue Ma,et al.  Graphene-encapsulated hollow Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle aggregates as a high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[144]  A. Lu,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection, functionalization, and application. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[145]  R. E. Schaak,et al.  A total-synthesis framework for the construction of high-order colloidal hybrid nanoparticles. , 2011, Nature chemistry.

[146]  Y. Chai,et al.  Fabrication of a novel glucose biosensor based on Pt nanoparticles-decorated iron oxide-multiwall carbon nanotubes magnetic composite , 2010 .

[147]  M. Ger,et al.  Preparation of sulfate- and carboxyl-functionalized magnetite/polystyrene spheres for further deposition of gold nanoparticles , 2010 .

[148]  J. Shao,et al.  Characterization of Fe3O4/SiO2 composite core-shell nanoparticles synthesized in isopropanol medium , 2013, Glass Physics and Chemistry.

[149]  L. Mir,et al.  Sol–gel synthesis of 8 nm magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and their magnetic properties , 2012 .

[150]  R. Augustine,et al.  Extracellular biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from rhizosphere soil , 2012, Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.

[151]  M. E. Williams,et al.  Controlling Transport and Chemical Functionality of Magnetic Nanoparticles , 2008 .

[152]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-embedded encapsulated microbubbles as dual contrast agents of magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[153]  Li Zhou,et al.  Facile one-pot synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles cross-linked magnetic poly(vinyl alcohol) gel beads for drug delivery. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[154]  R. Rana,et al.  One-Pot Template-Free Fabrication of Hollow Magnetite Nanospheres and Their Application as Potential Drug Carriers , 2009 .

[155]  S. Asuha,et al.  One step synthesis of maghemite nanoparticles by direct thermal decomposition of Fe–urea complex and their properties , 2009 .

[156]  Yuanfeng Wang,et al.  One-pot reaction to synthesize superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by adding phenol as reducing agent and stabilizer , 2012, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[157]  J. Przewoźnik,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with controlled size , 2011, Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology.

[158]  Xiaohe Liu,et al.  Solvothermal synthesis and characterization of size-controlled monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles , 2010 .

[159]  J. Kirschvink,et al.  Formation of tabular single-domain magnetite induced by Geobacter metallireducens GS-15. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[160]  Jae-pyoung Ahn,et al.  Sol–Gel Mediated Synthesis of Fe2O3 Nanorods , 2003 .

[161]  Fangli Yuan,et al.  Fabrication of Monodisperse Magnetite Hollow Spheres , 2009 .

[162]  M. Mahmoudi,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): development, surface modification and applications in chemotherapy. , 2011, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[163]  H. Ai,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescent amphiphilic polycation wrapped magnetite nanoparticles as multimodality probes , 2012 .

[164]  H. Zeng,et al.  Recent Progress in Syntheses and Applications of Dumbbell‐like Nanoparticles , 2009, Advanced materials.

[165]  J. Ding,et al.  Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles via a solvent-free thermal decomposition route , 2009 .

[166]  Shuhong Yu,et al.  Unique Lamellar Sodium/Potassium Iron Oxide Nanosheets: Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Magnetic and Electrochemical Properties , 2011 .

[167]  Yang Tian,et al.  Core-shell nanostructure of α-Fe 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 : synthesis and photocatalysis for methyl orange , 2011 .

[168]  R. Sperling,et al.  Surface modification, functionalization and bioconjugation of colloidal inorganic nanoparticles , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[169]  Yuhua Shen,et al.  Magnetic Fe3O4@C@Cu2O composites with bean-like core/shell nanostructures: Synthesis, properties and application in recyclable photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants , 2011 .

[170]  S. Kumari,et al.  Glycolic acid-functionalized chitosan–Co3O4–Fe3O4 hybrid magnetic nanoparticles-based nanohybrid scaffolds for drug-delivery and tissue engineering , 2013, Journal of Materials Science.

[171]  M. R. Kumar,et al.  Can controversial nanotechnology promise drug delivery? , 2013, Chemical reviews.

[172]  J. Cruz-Rivera,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis of magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles using dissymmetric potential pulses , 2012, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[173]  Ying Liu,et al.  Controllable synthesis of recyclable core-shell γ-Fe2O3@SnO2 hollow nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. , 2013, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[174]  M. A. García,et al.  Correlating Magneto-Structural Properties to Hyperthermia Performance of Highly Monodisperse Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by a Seeded-Growth Route , 2011 .

[175]  Zhishen Wu,et al.  Preparation and characterization of thermosensitive PNIPAA-coated iron oxide nanoparticles , 2008, Nanotechnology.

[176]  Shaoqin Gong,et al.  Multifunctional SPIO/DOX-loaded wormlike polymer vesicles for cancer therapy and MR imaging. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[177]  P. Van der Meeren,et al.  PEGylated lipids impede the lateral diffusion of adsorbed proteins at the surface of (magneto)liposomes. , 2010, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[178]  Taeghwan Hyeon,et al.  Designed synthesis of uniformly sized iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[179]  Morteza Mahmoudi,et al.  Assessing the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[180]  Di Zhang,et al.  Sonochemical fabrication of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide for biosensors. , 2013, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[181]  Min Chen,et al.  Facile synthesis of superparamagnetic fluorescent Fe3O4/ZnS hollow nanospheres. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[182]  Xiaodong Zhou,et al.  One-Pot Reaction and Subsequent Annealing to Synthesis Hollow Spherical Magnetite and Maghemite Nanocages , 2009, Nanoscale research letters.

[183]  Shouheng Sun,et al.  Tug-of-war in nanoparticles: competitive growth of Au on Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles. , 2009, Nano letters.

[184]  J. Rayappan,et al.  A novel nanostructured iron oxide–gold bioelectrode for hydrogen peroxide sensing , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[185]  S. Nie,et al.  Targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy , 2008 .

[186]  Damien Faivre,et al.  An acidic protein aligns magnetosomes along a filamentous structure in magnetotactic bacteria , 2006, Nature.

[187]  Shuhong Yu,et al.  Water-soluble magnetic-functionalized reduced graphene oxide sheets: in situ synthesis and magnetic resonance imaging applications. , 2010, Small.

[188]  Ming Hu,et al.  Liquid–liquid interface-assisted solvothermal synthesis of durian-like α-Fe2O3 hollow spheres constructed by nano-polyhedrons , 2012 .

[189]  Ying-Jie Zhu,et al.  α-Fe2O3 hierarchically hollow microspheres self-assembled with nanosheets: surfactant-free solvothermal synthesis, magnetic and photocatalytic properties , 2011 .

[190]  S. Margel,et al.  Solventless thermal decomposition of ferrocene as a new approach for one-step synthesis of magnetite nanocubes and nanospheres , 2012 .

[191]  Marta Fernández-García,et al.  Hybrid materials achieved by polypeptide grafted magnetite nanoparticles through a dopamine biomimetic surface anchored initiator , 2013 .

[192]  R. Massart,et al.  Preparation of aqueous magnetic liquids in alkaline and acidic media , 1981 .

[193]  J. Gooding,et al.  Fabrication and Dispersion of Gold-Shell-Protected Magnetite Nanoparticles : Systematic Control Using Polyethyleneimine , 2009 .

[194]  M. El-Sayed,et al.  Photocatalysis in gold nanocage nanoreactors. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[195]  L. Liz‐Marzán,et al.  Shape control of iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2009, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[196]  R. Hayward,et al.  Multifunctional Nanoparticle‐Loaded Spherical and Wormlike Micelles Formed by Interfacial Instabilities , 2012, Advanced materials.

[197]  Xiaolong He,et al.  Fe3O4-Au@mesoporous SiO2 microspheres: an ideal artificial enzymatic cascade system. , 2013, Chemical communications.

[198]  X. Sui,et al.  Co-encapsulation of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and doxorubicin into biodegradable PLGA nanocarriers for intratumoral drug delivery , 2012, International journal of nanomedicine.

[199]  Katsuhiko Ariga,et al.  Inorganic Nanoarchitectonics for Biological Applications , 2012 .

[200]  Tae Sup Lee,et al.  Amphiphilic polymer-coated hybrid nanoparticles as CT/MRI dual contrast agents , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[201]  V. Álvarez,et al.  Structural and magnetic behavior of ferrogels obtained by freezing thawing of polyvinyl alcohol/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles , 2013 .

[202]  Murali M. Yallapu,et al.  Multi-functional magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging and cancer therapy. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[203]  A. Merkoçi,et al.  Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified with Carbon Nanotubes for Electrocatalytic Magnetoswitchable Biosensing Applications , 2011 .

[204]  R. Amal,et al.  Assembly of polyethylenimine-based magnetic iron oxide vectors: insights into gene delivery. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[205]  J. Zhao,et al.  Lanthanum adsorption using iron oxide loaded calcium alginate beads , 2010 .

[206]  C. Robic,et al.  Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[207]  Y. Mi,et al.  Amperometric Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized on Fe3O4/Chitosan Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode , 2009 .

[208]  S. Järås,et al.  Application of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles prepared from microemulsions for protein purification , 2011 .

[209]  E. McFarland,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of sintering-resistant silica-encapsulated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles active for oxidation and chemical looping combustion , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[210]  Guanghai Li,et al.  Fe3O4@SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles: The Silica Coating Regulations with a Single Core for Different Core Sizes and Shell Thicknesses , 2012 .

[211]  Erik C. Dreaden,et al.  The Golden Age: Gold Nanoparticles for Biomedicine , 2012 .

[212]  Wei Wu,et al.  Spindle-like alpha-Fe2O3 embedded with TiO2 nanocrystalline: ion implantation preparation and enhanced magnetic properties. , 2013, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[213]  J. Marco,et al.  Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications: improving the colloidal and magnetic properties. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[214]  H. Wende,et al.  Nanoscale size effect on surface spin canting in iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the microemulsion method , 2012 .

[215]  Jin Luo,et al.  Iron oxide-gold core-shell nanoparticles and thin film assembly , 2005 .

[216]  T. Hyeon,et al.  One-nanometer-scale size-controlled synthesis of monodisperse magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[217]  S. Fang,et al.  Electromechanical Actuators Based on Graphene and Graphene/Fe3O4 Hybrid Paper , 2011 .

[218]  R. Zbořil,et al.  Avidin functionalized maghemite nanoparticles and their application for recombinant human biotinyl-SERCA purification. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[219]  Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging. , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[220]  Sanjay Mathur,et al.  Water-soluble superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles with biocompatible coating for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. , 2011, ACS nano.

[221]  Sang Won Lee,et al.  Easy Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles , 2004 .

[222]  Jin Y. Xie,et al.  Human serum albumin coated iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient cell labeling. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[223]  Hai‐Yan Xie,et al.  Fe3O4/Au Core/Shell Nanoparticles Modified with Ni2+−Nitrilotriacetic Acid Specific to Histidine-Tagged Proteins , 2010 .

[224]  M. Lees,et al.  Effect of the hybrid composition on the physicochemical properties and morphology of iron oxide–gold nanoparticles , 2012, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[225]  R. Tilton,et al.  Stabilization of superparamagnetic iron oxide core-gold shell nanoparticles in high ionic strength media. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[226]  Yi Wang,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticle-enhanced biosensor based on grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[227]  Duxin Sun,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanotheranostics for targeted cancer cell imaging and pH-dependent intracellular drug release. , 2010, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[228]  R. Ramanujan,et al.  Doxorubicin loaded PVA coated iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery , 2010 .

[229]  P. Joy,et al.  Microwave–hydrothermal synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and their magnetic properties , 2007 .

[230]  Juan Zhou,et al.  Controlled synthesis of magnetic iron oxides@SnO2 quasi-hollow core-shell heterostructures: formation mechanism, and enhanced photocatalytic activity. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[231]  C. Kaittanis,et al.  Magnetic Nanosensors for Probing Molecular Interactions , 2008 .

[232]  M. S. El-shall,et al.  Rapid synthesis of magnetic/luminescent (Fe3O4/CdSe) nanocomposites by microwave irradiation , 2012, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[233]  M. Morales,et al.  Magnetite nanoparticles: Electrochemical synthesis and characterization , 2008 .

[234]  Qingqing Li,et al.  Amperometric Immunosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles/Fe3O4-FCNTs-CS Composite Film Functionalized Interface for Carbofuran Detection , 2012 .

[235]  Y. Bando,et al.  Multishelled Co3O4-Fe3O4 hollow spheres with even magnetic phase distribution: Synthesis, magnetic properties and their application in water treatment , 2011 .

[236]  Changzhong Jiang,et al.  Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface Functionalization Strategies , 2008, Nanoscale research letters.

[237]  J. Oh,et al.  Iron oxide-based superparamagnetic polymeric nanomaterials: Design, preparation, and biomedical application , 2011 .

[238]  T. Saibara,et al.  Super paramagnetic iron oxide MRI shows defective Kupffer cell uptake function in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , 2009, Gut.

[239]  Yongmin Chang,et al.  Carbon-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging , 2012, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[240]  Manish K Jaiswal,et al.  Thermal behavior of magnetically modalized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan based nanohydrogel. , 2010, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[241]  Qiong Yang,et al.  Water-soluble conjugated polymers for imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[242]  Debiao Li,et al.  Comparison of Superparamagnetic and Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Cell Labeling for Tracking Green Fluorescent Protein Gene Marker with Negative and Positive Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2009, Molecular imaging.

[243]  Zhen Gu,et al.  Conjugated Polymer Fluorescence Probe for Intracellular Imaging of Magnetic Nanoparticles , 2010 .

[244]  Ivan P. Parkin,et al.  Carboxylic acid-stabilised iron oxide nanoparticles for use in magnetic hyperthermia , 2009 .

[245]  Jiho Lee,et al.  Hydrophobic partitioning approach to efficient protein separation with magnetic nanoparticles. , 2010, Analytical biochemistry.

[246]  S. Mishra,et al.  Sol–gel derived organic–inorganic hybrid materials: synthesis, characterizations and applications , 2011 .

[247]  Kanda Wongwailikhit,et al.  The preparation of iron (III) oxide nanoparticles using W/O microemulsion , 2011 .

[248]  Jafar Keshvari,et al.  Interaction of radio frequency electromagnetic fields and passive metallic implants—A brief review , 2006, Bioelectromagnetics.

[249]  Jenn‐Shing Chen,et al.  Folic acid-Pluronic F127 magnetic nanoparticle clusters for combined targeting, diagnosis, and therapy applications. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[250]  Qianwang Chen,et al.  Yolk-type Au@Fe3O4@C nanospheres for drug delivery, MRI and two-photon fluorescence imaging. , 2013, Dalton transactions.

[251]  Avanish Kumar Srivastava,et al.  Nanobiocomposite platform based on polyaniline-iron oxide-carbon nanotubes for bacterial detection. , 2012, Bioelectrochemistry.

[252]  Maren Pink,et al.  Influence of Iron Oleate Complex Structure on Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Formation , 2007 .

[253]  Xiaofeng Yang,et al.  Single-atom catalysis of CO oxidation using Pt1/FeOx. , 2011, Nature chemistry.

[254]  C. Labrugère,et al.  Sonochemical approach to the synthesis of Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2) core-shell nanoparticles with tunable properties. , 2008, ACS nano.

[255]  Ming Hu,et al.  Prussian blue microcrystals prepared by selective etching and their conversion to mesoporous magnetic iron(III) oxides. , 2010, Chemical communications.

[256]  J. L. Hueso,et al.  Use of a polyol liquid collection medium to obtain ultrasmall magnetic nanoparticles by laser pyrolysis , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[257]  V. Roy,et al.  Recent progress in magnetic iron oxide-semiconductor composite nanomaterials as promising photocatalysts. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[258]  G. Drossopoulou,et al.  Rapid magnetic heating treatment by highly charged maghemite nanoparticles on Wistar rats exocranial glioma tumors at microliter volume. , 2010, Biomicrofluidics.

[259]  Pengyuan Yang,et al.  A Facile Synthesis Approach to C8‐Functionalized Magnetic Carbonaceous Polysaccharide Microspheres for the Highly Efficient and Rapid Enrichment of Peptides and Direct MALDI‐TOF‐MS Analysis , 2009 .

[260]  Wei Wu,et al.  Facile Fabrication of Ultrafine Hollow Silica and Magnetic Hollow Silica Nanoparticles by a Dual-Templating Approach , 2009, Nanoscale research letters.

[261]  Hazhir Teymourian,et al.  Low potential detection of NADH based on Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite: fabrication of integrated dehydrogenase-based lactate biosensor. , 2012, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[262]  R. K. Pandey,et al.  Fe3O4 and CdS based bifunctional core–shell nanostructure , 2012 .

[263]  Shih-Chang Wang,et al.  Superparamagnetic Hyperbranched Polyglycerol‐Grafted Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as a Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent: An In Vitro Assessment , 2009 .

[264]  German Salazar-Alvarez,et al.  Novel flow injection synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with narrow size distribution , 2006 .

[265]  Z. Gu,et al.  Facile synthesis of monodisperse superparamagnetic Fe3O4/PMMA composite nanospheres with high magnetization , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[266]  Qiang Sun,et al.  Dopamine as the coating agent and carbon precursor for the fabrication of N-doped carbon coated Fe3O4 composites as superior lithium ion anodes. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[267]  Guohong Qiu,et al.  Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized α-Fe2O3 for catalysts and adsorbents , 2011 .

[268]  Shiguo Zhang,et al.  Sonochemical formation of iron oxide nanoparticles in ionic liquids for magnetic liquid marble. , 2012, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[269]  R. Gilchrist,et al.  Selective Inductive Heating of Lymph Nodes , 1957, Annals of surgery.

[270]  Adarsh Sandhu,et al.  Synthesis and applications of magnetic nanoparticles for biorecognition and point of care medical diagnostics , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[271]  Stanislav Y Emelianov,et al.  Ligand-mediated self-assembly of hybrid plasmonic and superparamagnetic nanostructures. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[272]  H. Toma,et al.  Preparation and characterization of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane-coated magnetite nanoparticles , 2004 .

[273]  S. Behrens.  Preparation of functional magnetic nanocomposites and hybrid materials: recent progress and future directions. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[274]  N. Høiby,et al.  Summary and Perspectives , 2011 .

[275]  S. Hurley,et al.  Multifunctional stable and pH-responsive polymer vesicles formed by heterofunctional triblock copolymer for targeted anticancer drug delivery and ultrasensitive MR imaging. , 2010, ACS nano.

[276]  C. Jérôme,et al.  Nanoparticles in biomedical imaging , 2013 .

[277]  Xin Liu,et al.  Self-assembled magnetic theranostic nanoparticles for highly sensitive MRI of minicircle DNA delivery. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[278]  Rose Amal,et al.  Bi-functional gold-coated magnetite composites with improved biocompatibility. , 2011, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[279]  S. Margel,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of superparamagnetic core–shell micrometre-sized particles of narrow size distribution by a swelling process , 2012 .

[280]  S. Margel,et al.  Solventless thermal decomposition of ferrocene as a new approach for the synthesis of porous superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic composite microspheres of narrow size distribution , 2011 .

[281]  Yang Tian,et al.  Facile solvothermal synthesis of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanocrystals with precise size control of one nanometre as potential MRI contrast agents , 2011 .

[282]  J. Dobson.  Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery , 2006 .

[283]  K. Chattopadhyay,et al.  A facile synthesis of PEG-coated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and their prevention of the reduction of cytochrome c. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[284]  Peter Wust,et al.  Intracranial Thermotherapy using Magnetic Nanoparticles Combined with External Beam Radiotherapy: Results of a Feasibility Study on Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme , 2006, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[285]  Ravi R. Patel,et al.  Chitosan mediated targeted drug delivery system: a review. , 2010, Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques.

[286]  G. Kelsall,et al.  Photoelectrophoresis of colloidal iron oxides. Part 2.—Magnetite (Fe3O4) , 1996 .

[287]  S. Nie,et al.  Development of Receptor Targeted Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Drug Delivery and Tumor Imaging. , 2008, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology.

[288]  Jimin Xie,et al.  An easy fabrication of monodisperse oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles , 2010 .

[289]  J. M. Kikkawa,et al.  A generalized ligand-exchange strategy enabling sequential surface functionalization of colloidal nanocrystals. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[290]  Lei Chen,et al.  Templated synthesis of monodisperse mesoporous maghemite/silica microspheres for magnetic separation of genomic DNA , 2010 .

[291]  René M. Botnar,et al.  Magnetic conjugated polymer nanoparticles as bimodal imaging agents. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[292]  Xiaowen Shi,et al.  Studies on interaction and illumination damage of CS-Fe3O4@ZnS:Mn to bovine serum albumin , 2013, Journal of Nanoparticle Research.

[293]  Fu-Rong Chen,et al.  Shape-Controlled Growth and Shape-Dependent Cation Site Occupancy of Monodisperse Fe3O4 Nanoparticles , 2011 .

[294]  Yichuan Ling,et al.  Facile synthesis of highly photoactive α-Fe₂O₃-based films for water oxidation. , 2011, Nano letters.

[295]  J. Irudayaraj,et al.  Multifunctional magnetic-optical nanoparticle probes for simultaneous detection, separation, and thermal ablation of multiple pathogens. , 2010, Small.

[296]  Fangqiong Tang,et al.  A practical glucose biosensor based on Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and chitosan/nafion composite film. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[297]  Yanjie Hu,et al.  Double-faced γ-Fe2O3||SiO2 nanohybrids: flame synthesis, in situ selective modification and highly interfacial activity. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[298]  Xiaomin Zhu,et al.  Photocytotoxicity and magnetic relaxivity responses of dual-porous γ-Fe2O3@meso-SiO2 microspheres. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[299]  Yang Ren,et al.  Preparation and application of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for wastewater purification , 2009 .

[300]  Jun Ding,et al.  Multimodal tumor imaging by iron oxides and quantum dots formulated in poly (lactic acid)-D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate nanoparticles. , 2011, Biomaterials.

[301]  S. Vasudevan,et al.  Form, Content, and Magnetism in Iron Oxide Nanocrystals , 2011 .

[302]  S. Chakraborty,et al.  Detection of total count of Staphylococcus aureus using anti-toxin antibody labelled gold magnetite nanocomposites: a novel tool for capture, detection and bacterial separation , 2011 .

[303]  Congshan Zhu,et al.  Use of ethylene oxide in the sol-gel synthesis of alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles from Fe(III) salts , 2002 .

[304]  Jan Grimm,et al.  Drug/dye-loaded, multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles for combined targeted cancer therapy and dual optical/magnetic resonance imaging. , 2009, Small.

[305]  E. Šturdı́k,et al.  Application of Electrochemical Biosensors in Clinical Diagnosis , 2012, Journal of clinical laboratory analysis.

[306]  Hakho Lee,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticle biosensors. , 2010, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

[307]  G. Kelsall,et al.  Photoelectrophoresis of colloidal iron oxides 1. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) , 1993 .

[308]  Peter R Seevinck,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in biodegradable thermosensitive polymeric micelles: toward a targeted nanomedicine suitable for image-guided drug delivery. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[309]  Jiaxing Li,et al.  Removal of Cu(II) and fulvic acid by graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. , 2012, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[310]  Jianping Li,et al.  Electrochemical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection , 2012 .

[311]  Young Chun,et al.  Water-dispersible magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. , 2010, ACS nano.

[312]  Nobuhiro Ohkohchi,et al.  Ferromagnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia and thermoablation therapy , 2010 .

[313]  Fang Bao,et al.  Synthesis of magnetic Fe2O3/Au core/shell nanoparticles for bioseparation and immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[314]  Qing Ye,et al.  In situ labeling of immune cells with iron oxide particles: an approach to detect organ rejection by cellular MRI. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[315]  Wenjun Zheng,et al.  α-Fe2O3: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Magnetic and Electrochemical Properties , 2010 .

[316]  Morteza Mahmoudi,et al.  Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. , 2011, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[317]  W. Cai,et al.  Facile synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles in liquid polyols. , 2007, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[318]  A. Volinsky,et al.  Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles synthesis from tailings by ultrasonic chemical co-precipitation , 2011 .

[319]  Hak Yong Kim,et al.  Gelatin-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as carrier system: drug loading and in vitro drug release study. , 2009, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[320]  Neus G Bastús,et al.  In situ functionalization and PEO coating of iron oxide nanocrystals using seeded emulsion polymerization. , 2013, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[321]  V. Pierre,et al.  Fe3O4@organic@Au: core-shell nanocomposites with high saturation magnetisation as magnetoplasmonic MRI contrast agents. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[322]  T. A. Hatton,et al.  Novel one-pot synthesis of magnetite latex nanoparticles by ultrasound irradiation. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[323]  Weijian Xu,et al.  Robust Fe3O4/SiO2-Pt/Au/Pd magnetic nanocatalysts with multifunctional hyperbranched polyglycerol amplifiers. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[324]  Lan-sun Zheng,et al.  Facile and straightforward synthesis of superparamagnetic reduced graphene oxide–Fe3O4 hybrid composite by a solvothermal reaction , 2013, Nanotechnology.

[325]  Ryan C Hayward,et al.  Spontaneous generation of amphiphilic block copolymer micelles with multiple morphologies through interfacial Instabilities. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[326]  Leon M Bellan,et al.  Current trends in nanobiosensor technology. , 2011, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

[327]  Jinhua Ye,et al.  Fe3O4/WO3 hierarchical core-shell structure: high-performance and recyclable visible-light photocatalysis. , 2011, Chemistry.

[328]  Bruno Pignataro,et al.  Solution processed micro- and nano-bioarrays for multiplexed biosensing. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[329]  Jie Huang,et al.  Controlled assembly of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on graphene oxide. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[330]  C. Mijangos,et al.  In situ Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Thermally Responsive Alginate-Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. , 2009, Macromolecular rapid communications.

[331]  Z. Su,et al.  Selected-control synthesis of monodisperse Fe3O4@C core-shell spheres, chains, and rings as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. , 2012, Chemistry.

[332]  Enzo Terreno,et al.  Challenges for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[333]  M. Delville,et al.  Relaxometric Studies of γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 core shell nanoparticles: when the coating matters , 2012 .

[334]  Hui Liu,et al.  In situ synthesis of hematite nanoparticles using a low-temperature microemulsion method , 2011 .

[335]  Bernhard Gleich,et al.  Magnetized Aerosols Comprising Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Improve Targeted Drug and Gene Delivery to the Lung , 2012, Pharmaceutical Research.

[336]  Ling Zhang,et al.  Hierarchically Nanostructured Magnetic Hollow Spheres of Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3: Preparation and Potential Application in Drug Delivery , 2008 .

[337]  Shouheng Sun,et al.  Dumbbell-like bifunctional Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles. , 2005, Nano letters.

[338]  Kenneth S. Suslick,et al.  Applications of Ultrasound to the Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials , 2010 .

[339]  W. Tremel,et al.  Highly water-soluble magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles for drug delivery: enhanced in vitro therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin and MION conjugates. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[340]  Viktor Chikan,et al.  A/C magnetic hyperthermia of melanoma mediated by iron(0)/iron oxide core/shell magnetic nanoparticles: a mouse study , 2010, BMC Cancer.

[341]  C. Batt,et al.  Gold hybrid nanoparticles for targeted phototherapy and cancer imaging , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[342]  F. Ren,et al.  Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) Short-Nanotubes , 2010, Nanoscale research letters.

[343]  A. Riedinger,et al.  "Nanohybrids" based on pH-responsive hydrogels and inorganic nanoparticles for drug delivery and sensor applications. , 2011, Nano letters.

[344]  Youwei Du,et al.  Formation mechanism and magnetic properties of hollow Fe3O4 nanospheres synthesized without any surfactant , 2012 .

[345]  S. Chaleawlert-umpon,et al.  Core/shell polymethyl methacrylate/polyethyleneimine particles incorporating large amounts of iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization , 2012 .

[346]  So Min Lee,et al.  Glycoconjugated chitosan stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles as a multifunctional nanoprobe , 2009 .

[347]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Influence of morphology and surface exchange reaction on magnetic properties of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles , 2012 .

[348]  M. Botta,et al.  Scaling Laws at the Nano Size: The Effect of Particle Size and Shape on the Magnetism and Relaxivity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Contrast Agents. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[349]  Sumit Arora,et al.  Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: magnetic nanoplatforms as drug carriers , 2012, International journal of nanomedicine.

[350]  Á. Delgado,et al.  Magnetic colloids as drug vehicles. , 2008, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[351]  T. A. Hatton,et al.  Synthesis of nonspherical superparamagnetic particles: in situ coprecipitation of magnetic nanoparticles in microgels prepared by stop-flow lithography. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[352]  Hideo Daimon,et al.  Dumbbell-like Pt-Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their enhanced catalysis for oxygen reduction reaction. , 2009, Nano letters.

[353]  Dan Du,et al.  The vital function of Fe3O4@Au nanocomposites for hydrolase biosensor design and its application in detection of methyl parathion. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[354]  I. Banerjee,et al.  Folate receptor targeted, carboxymethyl chitosan functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles: a novel ultradispersed nanoconjugates for bimodal imaging. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[355]  P. Chang,et al.  Polysaccharides as stabilizers for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles , 2011 .

[356]  Quanguo He,et al.  Sonochemical synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of air-stable Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles , 2007 .

[357]  Chu-Cheng Lin,et al.  Hierarchical magnetic iron (III) oxides prepared by solid-state thermal decomposition of coordination polymers , 2012 .

[358]  M. Mahmoudi,et al.  Magnetic fl uid hyperthermia : Focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles , 2011 .

[359]  S. Ogale,et al.  Bacteria-mediated precursor-dependent biosynthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide and iron sulfide nanoparticles. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[360]  Yuhua Shen,et al.  Preparation and protein immobilization of magnetic dialdehyde starch nanoparticles. , 2013, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[361]  Tzu-Chen Yen,et al.  In situ preparation of high relaxivity iron oxide nanoparticles by coating with chitosan: A potential MRI contrast agent useful for cell tracking , 2010 .

[362]  Jun Lin,et al.  Poly(acrylic acid)-modified Fe3O4 microspheres for magnetic-targeted and pH-triggered anticancer drug delivery. , 2012, Chemistry.

[363]  Dapeng Liu,et al.  Selectively deposited noble metal nanoparticles on Fe3O4/graphene composites: stable, recyclable, and magnetically separable catalysts. , 2012, Chemistry.

[364]  A. Ahmad,et al.  Colloidal Stability and Magnetophoresis of Gold-Coated Iron Oxide Nanorods in Biological Media , 2012 .

[365]  Easy Synthesis of Magnetite Nanocrystals via Coprecipitation Method , 2012, Journal of Cluster Science.

[366]  Jia-bi Zhu,et al.  Synthesis, self-assembly, and characterization of PEG-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as potential MRI contrast agent , 2010, Drug development and industrial pharmacy.

[367]  Xin Li,et al.  Magnetic Fe3O4-graphene composites as targeted drug nanocarriers for pH-activated release. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[368]  A. Punnoose,et al.  Highly shape-selective synthesis, silica coating, self-assembly, and magnetic hydrogen sensing of hematite nanoparticles. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[369]  Gao-Jun Teng,et al.  Hollow superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoshells as a hydrophobic anticancer drug carrier: intracelluar pH-dependent drug release and enhanced cytotoxicity. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[370]  Hongbo Liu,et al.  Fabrication and functionalization of dendritic poly(amidoamine)-immobilized magnetic polymer composite microspheres. , 2008, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[371]  Jianhua Hu,et al.  Effective adsorption and separation of lysozyme with PAA-modified Fe3O4@silica core/shell microspheres. , 2009, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[372]  Q. Pankhurst,et al.  Progress in applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine , 2009 .

[373]  Jtf Jos Keurentjes,et al.  Influence of Distribution on the Heating of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Poly(methyl methacrylate) in an Alternating Magnetic Field , 2010 .

[374]  Pedro Tartaj,et al.  Progress in the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine , 2009 .

[375]  T. Pal,et al.  The magnetic proximity effect in a ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 core/ferrimagnetic γ-Mn2O3 shell nanoparticle system , 2011, Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal.

[376]  T. Wen,et al.  Magnetic Fe3O4@NiO hierarchical structures: preparation and their excellent As(V) and Cr(VI) removal capabilities , 2013 .

[377]  Jeff W M Bulte,et al.  Iron oxide MR contrast agents for molecular and cellular imaging , 2004, NMR in biomedicine.

[378]  A. Gedanken,et al.  Sonochemical synthesis of stable hydrosol of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. , 2005, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[379]  Marcus Textor,et al.  Stabilization and functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[380]  C. Hadjipanayis,et al.  EGFRvIII antibody-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging-guided convection-enhanced delivery and targeted therapy of glioblastoma. , 2010, Cancer research.

[381]  Jia Guo,et al.  Ultrafast hydrothermal synthesis of high quality magnetic core phenol-formaldehyde shell composite microspheres using the microwave method. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[382]  Zahi A Fayad,et al.  Iron oxide core oil-in-water emulsions as a multifunctional nanoparticle platform for tumor targeting and imaging. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[383]  Wei Wu,et al.  A Comparative Study of the Magnetic Behavior of Single and Tubular Clustered Magnetite Nanoparticles , 2012 .

[384]  Jan Grimm,et al.  Novel Nanosensors for Rapid Analysis of Telomerase Activity , 2004, Cancer Research.

[385]  V. Cabuil,et al.  Incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles into lamellar polystyrene-b-poly(n-butyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer films: influence of the chain end-groups on nanostructuration , 2010, 1809.07063.

[386]  Z. Gu,et al.  Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents for Non-invasive Stem Cell Labeling and Tracking , 2013, Theranostics.

[387]  S. Nie,et al.  Targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy , 2008, International journal of nanomedicine.

[388]  Michael K. C. Tam,et al.  Clustering of magnetic nanoparticles using a double hydrophilic block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) , 2009 .

[389]  Kejian Deng,et al.  Facile microwave-assisted synthesis and magnetic and gas sensing properties of Fe3O4 nanoroses , 2010 .

[390]  Z. Gu,et al.  Self-assembly of magnetite nanocrystals with amphiphilic polyethylenimine: structures and applications in magnetic resonance imaging. , 2009, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[391]  B. Geng,et al.  A template-free route to a Fe3O4–Co3O4 yolk–shell nanostructure as a noble-metal free electrocatalyst for ORR in alkaline media , 2012 .