The attitude control of fixed-wing MAVS in turbulent environments

Abstract The small scale and portability of fixed-wing Micro Aerial Vehicles lend them to many unique applications, however their utility is often limited by ineffective attitude control in turbulent environments. The performance of attitude control systems themselves are affected by a variety of factors. Assessment of this system’s performance needs to be viewed in relation to the MAVs’ unique constraints. Certain aspects and limitations of MAV attitude control related issues are addressed in the literature, but to fully address the degradation of utility, the entire system must be examined. These issues can only be fully addressed when considering them concurrently. There is no framework for defining the attitude control problem explicitly for MAVs. This paper attempts to (1) Define the MAV attitude control problem with respect to the unique constraints imposed by this class of Unmanned Aircraft; (2) Review current design trends of MAVs with respect to vulnerability to atmospheric turbulence.

[1]  Nicolas H. Franceschini,et al.  Bio-inspired optic flow sensors based on FPGA: Application to Micro-Air-Vehicles , 2007, Microprocess. Microsystems.

[2]  Gregg Abate,et al.  Flight Controls and Performance Challenges for MAVs in Complex Environments , 2008 .

[3]  Simon Watkins,et al.  The Soaring Potential of a Micro Air Vehicle in an Urban Environment , 2012 .

[4]  L. Aaltonen,et al.  Zero-Rate Output and Quadrature Compensation in Vibratory MEMS Gyroscopes , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[5]  William B. Blake,et al.  Framework for developing and evaluating MAV control algorithms in a realistic urban setting , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005..

[6]  Mujahid Abdulrahim,et al.  On Low Altitude Flight through the Atmospheric Boundary Layer , 2010 .

[7]  John L. Pearson Optimizing Unmanned Aircraft System Scheduling , 2008 .

[8]  T. Laverne,et al.  Experimental study of wind-turbine airfoil aerodynamics in high turbulence , 2002 .

[9]  T. Mueller,et al.  AERODYNAMICS OF SMALL VEHICLES , 2003 .

[10]  P. Lissaman,et al.  Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils , 1983 .

[11]  Robert C. Michelson Very small flying machines , 2006 .

[12]  Michael Ol,et al.  Comparison of Laminar Separation Bubble Measurements on a Low Reynolds Number Airfoil in Three Facilities , 2005 .

[13]  Xiaofeng Zhou,et al.  A novel capacitive accelerometer with an eight-beam-mass structure by self-stop anisotropic etching of (1 0 0) silicon , 2008 .

[14]  Wolfgang Schröder,et al.  Scanning PIV measurements of a laminar separation bubble , 2006 .

[15]  Hao Liu,et al.  Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity , 2010 .

[16]  Kenzo Nonami,et al.  Optic flow-based vision system for autonomous 3D localization and control of small aerial vehicles , 2009, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[17]  N. J. Cherry,et al.  The effects of stream turbulence on separation bubbles , 1981 .

[18]  I. V. D. Hoven POWER SPECTRUM OF HORIZONTAL WIND SPEED IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE FROM 0.0007 TO 900 CYCLES PER HOUR , 1957 .

[19]  W. Schröder,et al.  Time-resolved and volumetric PIV measurements of a transitional separation bubble on an SD7003 airfoil , 2008 .

[20]  Cezary Galinski Gust Resistant Fixed Wing Micro Air Vehicle , 2006 .

[21]  R. Zbikowski,et al.  Some problems of micro air vehicles development , 2007 .

[22]  Song Wang,et al.  Flight attitude estimation for MAV based on M-estimation , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet).

[23]  Javaan Chahl,et al.  Bioinspired optical sensors for unmanned aerial systems , 2011, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[24]  Adam M. Wickenheiser,et al.  The development of a closed-loop flight controller with panel method integration for gust alleviation using biomimetic feathers on aircraft wings , 2012, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[25]  W. H. Melbourne,et al.  Turbulence and the leading edge phenomenon , 1993 .

[26]  Cees Bil,et al.  Horizon sensing attitude stabilisation: a VMC autopilot , 2003 .

[27]  Simon Watkins,et al.  The effect of turbulence on the aerodynamics of low reynolds number wings , 2009 .

[28]  Adam M. Wickenheiser,et al.  Two-dimensional localized flow control using distributed, biomimetic feather structures: a comparative study , 2011, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[29]  John Sheridan,et al.  Dynamic Sensitivity to Atmospheric Turbulence of Unmanned Air Vehicles with Varying Configuration , 2010 .

[30]  M. Miao,et al.  A Bulk Micromachined Si-on-glass Tunneling Accelerometer with Out-of-plane Sensing Capability , 2007 .

[31]  Qiusheng Li,et al.  The effect of large-scale turbulence on pressure fluctuations in separated and reattaching flows , 1999 .

[32]  John Sheridan,et al.  An overview of experiments on the dynamic sensitivity of MAVs to turbulence , 2010 .

[33]  Thomas J. Mueller,et al.  Aerodynamic Characteristics of Low Aspect Ratio Wings at Low Reynolds Numbers , 2001 .

[34]  J. Garratt The Atmospheric Boundary Layer , 1992 .

[35]  C. G. Johnson,et al.  Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. , 1971 .

[36]  Sridhar Ravi,et al.  The influence of turbulence on a flat plate aerofoil at Reynolds numbers relevant to MAVs , 2011 .

[37]  John Sheridan,et al.  The effect of turbulence intensity on stall of the NACA 0021 aerofoil , 2001 .

[38]  Sangkyung Sung,et al.  Development of a lateral velocity-controlled MEMS vibratory gyroscope and its performance test , 2008 .

[39]  Yilong Hao,et al.  A novel out-of-plane MEMS tunneling accelerometer with excellent low frequency resolution , 2006 .

[40]  H. P. Horton Laminar separation bubbles in two and three dimensional incompressible flow , 1968 .

[41]  Parviz Moin,et al.  The structure of two-dimensional separation , 1990, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[42]  Peter Lissaman,et al.  Effects of Turbulence on Bank Upsets of Small Flight Vehicles , 2009 .

[43]  Nicolas H. Franceschini,et al.  Optic flow regulation: the key to aircraft automatic guidance , 2005, Robotics Auton. Syst..

[44]  W. H. Melbourne,et al.  Atmospheric winds and their implications for microair vehicles , 2006 .

[45]  Sergey V Shkarayev,et al.  Introduction to the Design of Fixed-Wing Micro Air Vehicles: Including Three Case Studies , 2007 .

[46]  Mujahid Abdulrahim,et al.  Flow Fields in Complex Terrain and Their Challenges to Micro Flight , 2008 .

[47]  Matthias Roth,et al.  Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities , 2007 .

[48]  A.M.K. Dagamseh Bio-inspired hair flow-sensor arrays : from nature to MEMS , 2011 .

[49]  Hendrik Tennekes,et al.  The simple science of flight : from insects to jumbo jets , 1996 .

[50]  Haluk Kulah,et al.  A CMOS-compatible high aspect ratio silicon-on-glass in-plane micro-accelerometer , 2005 .