The study of nevi in children: Principles learned and implications for melanoma diagnosis.

Melanocytic nevi are a strong phenotypic marker of cutaneous melanoma risk. Changes in nevi during childhood and adolescence make these prime periods for studying nevogenesis. Insights gained by the study of nevi in childhood have implications for melanoma detection in both adults and children. A more comprehensive understanding of the morphologic characteristics of nevi in different anatomic locations, in association with the patient's age and pigmentary phenotype may aid in the identification of melanomas. When monitoring melanocytic lesions over time, it is essential to differentiate normal from abnormal change. This review summarizes the rapidly expanding body of literature relevant to nevus phenotype, particularly in the context of our experience with the Study of Nevi in Children (SONIC) Project.

[1]  P. Boyle,et al.  Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. Common and atypical naevi. , 2005, European journal of cancer.

[2]  I. Zalaudek,et al.  New insights in naevogenesis: Number, distribution and dermoscopic patterns of naevi in the elderly , 2011, The Australasian journal of dermatology.

[3]  S. Menzies,et al.  Dermoscopy compared with naked eye examination for the diagnosis of primary melanoma: a meta‐analysis of studies performed in a clinical setting , 2008, The British journal of dermatology.

[4]  V. Siskind,et al.  Longitudinal study of melanocytic nevi in adolescents. , 2002, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[5]  H. Kerl,et al.  Histological and genetic evidence for a variant of superficial spreading melanoma composed predominantly of large nests , 2012, Modern Pathology.

[6]  R. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  Nevus type in dermoscopy is related to skin type in white persons. , 2007, Archives of dermatology.

[7]  R. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  New insights into nevogenesis: in vivo characterization and follow-up of melanocytic nevi by reflectance confocal microscopy. , 2009, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[8]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Clinical and Dermoscopic Changes in Common Melanocytic Nevi in School Children: The Framingham School Nevus Study , 2005, Dermatology.

[9]  A. Halpern,et al.  Melanocytic naevi with globular and reticular dermoscopic patterns display distinct BRAF V600E expression profiles and histopathological patterns , 2014, The British journal of dermatology.

[10]  Tim K. Lee,et al.  Broad-spectrum sunscreen use and the development of new nevi in white children: A randomized controlled trial. , 2000, JAMA.

[11]  M. Weinstock,et al.  Prospective Study of Sunburn and Sun Behavior Patterns During Adolescence , 2012, Pediatrics.

[12]  J. Grob,et al.  First prospective study of the recognition process of melanoma in dermatological practice. , 2005, Archives of dermatology.

[13]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Age- and site-specific variation in the dermoscopic patterns of congenital melanocytic nevi: an aid to accurate classification and assessment of melanocytic nevi. , 2007, Archives of dermatology.

[14]  A. Marghoob,et al.  FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH NEVUS VOLATILITY IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE , 2014, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[15]  A. Marghoob,et al.  The "ugly duckling" sign: agreement between observers. , 2008, Archives of dermatology.

[16]  Riccardo Bono,et al.  Dermoscopic evaluation of amelanotic and hypomelanotic melanoma. , 2008, Archives of dermatology.

[17]  V. Siskind,et al.  Evolution of melanocytic nevi on the faces and necks of adolescents: a 4 y longitudinal study. , 2002, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[18]  A. Kopf,et al.  ABCDE--an evolving concept in the early detection of melanoma. , 2005, Archives of dermatology.

[19]  A. Marghoob,et al.  The Framingham school nevus study: a pilot study. , 2004, Archives of dermatology.

[20]  R Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  Proposal of a new classification system for melanocytic naevi , 2007, The British journal of dermatology.

[21]  M. Weinstock,et al.  Study of Nevi in Children (SONIC): baseline findings and predictors of nevus count. , 2008, American journal of epidemiology.

[22]  R. MacKie,et al.  Development of melanocytic nevi in the first three years of life. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[23]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Student-parent agreement in self-reported sun behaviors. , 2005, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[24]  Angela Ferrari,et al.  Dermoscopy of patients with multiple nevi: Improved management recommendations using a comparative diagnostic approach. , 2011, Archives of dermatology.

[25]  J. Spinelli,et al.  Anatomic distribution of acquired melanocytic nevi in white children. A comparison with melanoma: the Vancouver Mole Study. , 1990, Archives of dermatology.

[26]  M. Kashani-Sabet,et al.  Pediatric melanoma: results of a large cohort study and proposal for modified ABCD detection criteria for children. , 2013, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[27]  S. Krengel.  Nevogenesis--new thoughts regarding a classical problem. , 2005, The American Journal of dermatopathology.

[28]  R. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  The dermoscopical and histopathological patterns of nevi correlate with the frequency of BRAF mutations. , 2011, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[29]  A. Lallas,et al.  Dermoscopy and confocal microscopy of nested melanoma of the elderly: recognizing a newly defined entity. , 2013, JAMA dermatology.

[30]  Giuseppe Argenziano,et al.  Using dermoscopic criteria and patient-related factors for the management of pigmented melanocytic nevi. , 2009, Archives of dermatology.

[31]  H. Kittler,et al.  Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. , 2002, The Lancet. Oncology.

[32]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Sunburn, sun exposure, and sun sensitivity in the Study of Nevi in Children. , 2015, Annals of epidemiology.

[33]  A. Scope,et al.  Dermoscopic patterns of naevi in fifth grade children of the Framingham school system , 2008, The British journal of dermatology.

[34]  Darius Mehregan,et al.  Biopsies of nevi in children and adolescents in the United States, 2009 through 2013. , 2015, JAMA dermatology.

[35]  C. Rosendahl,et al.  When algorithms falter: a case report of a very small melanoma excised due to the dermatoscopic “ugly duckling” sign , 2013, Dermatology practical & conceptual.

[36]  Bernadette A. Thomas,et al.  Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 , 2012, The Lancet.

[37]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Clinical and dermoscopic stability and volatility of melanocytic nevi in a population-based cohort of children in Framingham school system , 2011, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[38]  S. Garcovich,et al.  Morphological and molecular characteristics of nested melanoma of the elderly (evolved lentiginous melanoma) , 2012, Virchows Archiv.

[39]  D. English,et al.  Appearance of melanocytic nevi on the backs of young Australian children: a 7-year longitudinal study , 2008, Melanoma research.

[40]  M. G. Fleming,et al.  Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. , 2003, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[41]  G. Argenziano,et al.  Instrument‐, age‐ and site‐dependent variations of dermoscopic patterns of congenital melanocytic naevi: a multicentre study , 2006, The British journal of dermatology.

[42]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Growth-Curve Modeling of Nevi With a Peripheral Globular Pattern. , 2015, JAMA dermatology.

[43]  M. Marchetti,et al.  Genetic factors associated with naevus count and dermoscopic patterns: preliminary results from the Study of Nevi in Children (SONIC) , 2015, The British journal of dermatology.

[44]  S. Menzies,et al.  Variables predicting change in benign melanocytic nevi undergoing short-term dermoscopic imaging. , 2011, Archives of dermatology.

[45]  C. Garbe,et al.  Increase of melanocytic nevus counts in children during 5 years of follow-up and analysis of associated factors. , 1996, Archives of dermatology.

[46]  D. English,et al.  Incidence of new and changed nevi and melanomas detected using baseline images and dermoscopy in patients at high risk for melanoma. , 2005, Archives of dermatology.

[47]  R. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  Naevogenesis: new thoughts based on dermoscopy , 2006, The British journal of dermatology.

[48]  A. Halpern,et al.  Tanning and beauty: Mother and teenage daughters in discussion , 2016, Journal of health psychology.

[49]  P. Aegerter,et al.  Is dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) useful for the diagnosis of melanoma? Results of a meta-analysis using techniques adapted to the evaluation of diagnostic tests. , 2001, Archives of dermatology.

[50]  R. Wolterbeek,et al.  Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) variants in high melanoma risk patients are associated with specific dermoscopic ABCD features. , 2012, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[51]  M. Weinstock,et al.  Dermoscopic patterns and subclinical melanocytic nests in normal‐appearing skin , 2009, The British journal of dermatology.

[52]  M. Marchetti,et al.  Cross‐sectional analysis of the dermoscopic patterns and structures of melanocytic naevi on the back and legs of adolescents , 2015, The British journal of dermatology.

[53]  R. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  A dual concept of nevogenesis:Theoretical considerations based on dermoscopic features of melanocytic nevi , 2007, Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG.

[54]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Clinical and dermoscopic characteristics of melanomas on nonfacial chronically sun-damaged skin. , 2015, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[55]  R. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  Age‐related prevalence of dermoscopy patterns in acquired melanocytic naevi , 2006, The British journal of dermatology.

[56]  J. Grob,et al.  The 'ugly duckling' sign: identification of the common characteristics of nevi in an individual as a basis for melanoma screening. , 1998, Archives of dermatology.

[57]  E. Cinotti,et al.  Aspect en dermatoscopie et en microscopie confocale par réflectance d’un « mélanome en thèques du sujet âgé » , 2014 .

[58]  P. Tschandl,et al.  Growth rate of melanoma in vivo and correlation with dermatoscopic and dermatopathologic findings , 2001, Dermatology practical & conceptual.

[59]  J. Malvehy,et al.  Dermoscopic features of melanomas associated with MC1R variants in Spanish CDKN2A mutation carriers , 2009, The British journal of dermatology.

[60]  A. Peserico,et al.  Dermoscopic changes in melanocytic naevi in children during digital follow-up. , 2012, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[61]  H. Kittler,et al.  Frequency and characteristics of enlarging common melanocytic nevi. , 2000, Archives of Dermatology.

[62]  E. Martínez-Alonso,et al.  Dimerization of the human melanocortin 1 receptor: functional consequences and dominant-negative effects. , 2006, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[63]  A. Kopf,et al.  Early detection of malignant melanoma: The role of physician examination and self‐examination of the skin , 1985, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[64]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Frequency of dermoscopic nevus subtypes by age and body site: a cross-sectional study. , 2011, Archives of dermatology.

[65]  S. Harrison,et al.  Sunlight: a major factor associated with the development of melanocytic nevi in Australian schoolchildren. , 1994, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[66]  A. Marghoob,et al.  Dermatoscopic imaging of skin lesions by high school students: a cross-sectional pilot study , 2015, Dermatology practical & conceptual.

[67]  A. Halpern,et al.  Study of health outcomes in school children: key challenges and lessons learned from the Framingham Schools' Natural History of Nevi Study. , 2007, The Journal of school health.

[68]  R. Hofmann-Wellenhof,et al.  Excised melanocytic lesions in children and adolescents – a 10‐year survey , 2012, The British journal of dermatology.

[69]  C. Garbe,et al.  Risk factors of incident melanocytic nevi: A longitudinal study in a cohort of 1,232 young German children , 2005, International journal of cancer.